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ACVIM General copy > Basic Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is ACh synthesized? Where is it stored?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA + Choline → choline acetyltransferase → ACh

2. Stored in the synaptic vesicles with ATP and proteoglycan

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2
Q

How is ACh degraded? What happens to the degradation products?

A
  1. ACh degraded to Acetyl CoA and choline by aceylcholinesterase
  2. Occurs at the muscle end plate
  3. 1/2 of the choline is taken back to the presynaptic cleft by Na-choline transport to make new ACh
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3
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

Blocks ACh release from presynaptic terminals → total blockade

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4
Q

Curare

A

Competes with ACh for receptors on the motor end plate → decreased end plate potential

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5
Q

Neostigmine

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase → prolongs action of ACh at motor end plate

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6
Q

Hemicholinium

A

Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal → depletes ACh stores

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7
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  1. ACh
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Dopamine
  5. Glutamate
  6. Serotonin
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8
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A
  1. GABA
  2. Glycine
  3. Nitrous Oxide
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9
Q

Describe pathway for converting tyrosine into different neurotransmitters

A

Tyrosine → tyrosine hydroxylate → L-dopa → dopa decarboxylase → dopamine → dopamine β hydroxylase → norepinephrine → phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase → epinephrine

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10
Q

What does serotonin form from? Where is the highest concentration of serotonin?

A
  1. Tryptophan

2. Brainstem

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11
Q

What metabolizes norepinephrine and dopamine?

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  2. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)
    * VMA metabolite of NE is increased in urinary excretion with pheochromocytomas
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12
Q

What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

GABA synthesis and receptors

A
  1. Glutamate → glutamate decarboxylase → GABA
  2. GABA(a) → Increase Cl conductance
    - Benzodiazepines and barbiturates act here
    GABA(b) → Increase K conductance
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14
Q

Nitric oxide synthesis

A

Arginine → NO synthase → NO

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15
Q

What is a major difference in myosin regulation between skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

Smooth has no troponin → Ca regulates myosin on the thick filaments

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16
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers

A
  1. Red, slow twitch
  2. Small diameter
  3. More mitochondria
  4. More blood supply
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17
Q

Type 2 muscle fibers

A
  1. White, fast twitch
  2. Large diameter
  3. Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. Lots of glycolytic enzymes
  5. Less extensive blood supply
  6. Fewer mitochondria
18
Q

What can occur with repeated thoracocentesis in chylothorax?

A
  1. Hyponatremia
  2. Hyperkalemia
    * Third space loses of Na → subsequent decrease ECV and GFR causes increase K
19
Q

What is the order of half-life duration of AST, ALP, and ALT?

  1. Dog
  2. Cat
A
  1. ALP>ALT»AST

2. ALP=ALT»AST

20
Q

Sensitivity and Specificity (High/Low): ALP

  1. Dog
  2. Cat
A
  1. High sens (86%) but low spec (49%) for liver diseaes

2. Less Sens but more spec for liver disease

21
Q

Reasons for increase:

  1. L-ALP
  2. B-ALP
  3. C-ALP
A
  1. Cholestasis, Hyperadrenocorticism, and drug induction (phenobarb and steroids - ~24-48 hours after exposure)
  2. Benign familial hyperphosphatemia in huskies and scotties results from increase B-ALP
  3. Steroids (10 days after exposure), Diabetes mellitus, primary liver disease, and HAC
22
Q

Anion Gap Equation

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

23
Q

Causes of increased calcium excretion

A
  1. Decrease PTH
  2. Increase ECV
  3. Increase BP
  4. Decrease P
  5. Metabolic alkalosis
    * Opposites for decrease Ca excretion
24
Q

Ions associated with vasodilation

A
  1. Increase Magnesium
  2. Increased H (acidemia)
  3. Acetate/Citrate
  4. CO2
    - Vasodilate in brain
    - Vasoconstrict periphery to increase flow to the brain
25
Q

Ions involved in vasoconstriction

A
  1. Increase Ca

2. Decrease H (alkalemia)

26
Q

Total body water breakdown

A

TBW (60% BW)

  1. 2/3 Intracellular (40% BW)
  2. 1/3 Extracellular (20% BW)
    a. 3/4 interstitial fluid (15% BW)
    b. 1/4 plasma (5% BW)

Blood volume = 10% BW → can take 10% of blood volume safely (1%)

27
Q

Transudate:

  1. Sp. Gr.
  2. Protein
  3. Cells
  4. Causes
A
  1. <1.015
  2. <2.5
  3. 1500
  4. Decrease osmotic pressure, early uroabdomen, Pre-sinusoidal or sinusoidal liver disease, right heart failure, liver failure
28
Q

Exudate:

  1. Sp. Gr.
  2. Protein
  3. Cells
  4. Causes
A
  1. > 1.025
  2. > 3
  3. > 7000
  4. Usually infections and inflammation of viscera
29
Q

Chyle:

  1. Sp. Gr.
  2. Protein
  3. Cells
  4. Causes
A
  1. > 1.025
  2. > 2
  3. 1000-7000 (small lymphocytes)
  4. Trauma, neoplasia, infection, right heart failure
30
Q

What are the inducible liver enzymes?

A
  1. GGT

2. ALP

31
Q

ALP isotope concentrations in serum:

  1. L-ALP
  2. B-ALP
  3. C-ALP
A
  1. Majority % in dogs >1 year
  2. 25% in dogs >1 year, 95% in dogs <1 year
  3. 10-30%
32
Q

What can cause transiently high ammonia?

A
  1. Irish Wolfhounds
  2. Cobalamin deficiency (dog)
  3. Arginine deficiency (cat)
33
Q

Function tests that would be indicative of liver disease/failure?

A
  1. Decrease BUN
  2. Hypocholesterolemia → may be increased in cholestatic disease
  3. Hypoalbuminemia → when 70% of liver mass
  4. Hyperammonia
  5. Hypoglycemia → loss of 75% of hepatic mass
  6. Increased t. bili
34
Q

Diseases with normal anion gap

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Renal insufficiency
  3. Renal tubular acidosis
  4. High chloride containing fluids
  5. Compensation for respiratory alkalosis
35
Q

Complications of acidosis

A
  1. Ventricular arrhythmias
  2. Decrease cardiac contractility
  3. Arterial vasodilation
  4. Venous vasoconstriction
  5. Insulin resistance
36
Q

What is the status of Ca in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Bound to calsequestrin

37
Q

Modified Transudate:

  1. Sp. Gr.
  2. Protein
  3. Cells
  4. Causes
A
  1. 1.015-1.025
  2. > 2.5
  3. 1000-7000
  4. Post-sinusoidal portal hypertension, liver disease, HW/Caval syndrome, vascular permeability
38
Q

Diseases with decreased anion gap

A
  1. Ketoacidosis
  2. Uremia (renal failure)
  3. Lactic acidosis
  4. Toxins (ethylene glycol)
39
Q

Describe the differences between type A and type B hyperlactatemia

A 
Type A → impaired tissue oxygenation
- Hypoperfusion
- Severe anemia
- Excessive muscular activity
- Seizures, trembling, exercise
- Thromboembolic disease
Type B → tissue oxygenation normal
- Sepsis/SIRS
- Neoplasia
- Drugs
- Severe Liver Failure
40
Q

Main causes of hypokalemia in cats

A
  1. Chronic renal disease

2. Burmese kitten syndrome

41
Q

How does insulin move K into cells?

A

Activates Na-K ATPase

ACVIM General copy (15 decks)

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