Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MED 310A > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sex specific components?

A

primary reproductive organs that generate the gametes (gonads)
a reproductive tract
accessory sex glands that produce secretions for support of gametes and intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is genetic sex determined by?

A

which chromosome the sperm deliveres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does the embryonic window start?

A

6 weeks of gesttation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what helps illustrate the human genetic complement?

A

karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many chromosomes do humans typically have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sperm with Y sex chromosome determine the genetic sex of…

A

male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sperm with X sex chromosome determine the genetic sex of…

A

female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does genetic sex depend on?

A

combination of sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

from conception to week 6 of embryonic is male and female shown externally?

A

no, they are externally identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the early embryonic gonad is _____ and ___

A

unspecified and bipotential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the female reproductive tract called?

A

Mullerian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the male reproductive tract called?

A

wolffian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is essential for the establishment of male gonadal sex?

A

SRY transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens in the absence of SRY transcription factor?

A

female gonadal ssex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what creates the testes?

A

testis-determining factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which is differentiated first, the gonads or the reproductive tract?

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what signals wolffian duct development?

A

androgens and MIF (AMH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what signals mullerian duct development?

A

absence of androgens and MIF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the determination of male gonadal sex;

A

testes secrete testosterone and MIH - testosterone is converted to DHT which promoted development of penis, scrotum - MIH degenerates mullerian ducts - testosterone transforms wolffian ducts into male tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the determination of female gonadal sex;

A

no testosterone or MIH is secreted - causes development of mullerian ducts, development of clitoris and labia, degeneration of wolffian ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is gonadal sex determined?

A

presence or absence of SRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is phenotypic sex determined?

A

presence or absence of masculinizing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the leydig cell make?

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

waht does the sertoli cell make?

A

mullerian inhibiting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when is an ultrasound taken?

A

18-22 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when is each determination of sex determined?

A

genetic - conception
gonadal - 6-7 weeks
sex-specifc hormone profiles - 7-9 weeks
phenotypic - 10-12 weeks `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the genital tubercle, urethral folds and genital swellings become for male genitalia?

A

developing penis (urethral opening, glans penis)
anus and ureter
prepuce, sahft and scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the genital tubercle, urethral folds and genital swellings become for female genitalia?

A

clitoris
labia minora, urethra, hymen, vagina, anus
labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the differences in location between ovaries and testes?

A

ovaries remain in abdominal cavity
testes descend into the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what helps testes descend?

A

gubernaculum (a ligament)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does an absent SRY signal in a male embryo do?

A

female development. different gonadal and phenotypic sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does an absent androgen receptor in a male embryo do?

A

causes male etstes, female physcial appearance and breast development. proper gonadal sex, different phenotypic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does insufficient testosterone to DHT conversion in a male embryo do?

A

male testes and reproductive tract, female external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does excessive androgen production in a female embryo do?

A

female ovary, male differentation of the reproductive tract and genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what happens during puberty?

A

an endocrine surge and onset of reproductive cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is an oocyte?

A

mature gamate of female reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the ovary?

A

primary reproductive organ for females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what reproductive organs support fetal development?

A

uterus, endometrium and myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the parts of the female reproductive tract?

A

oviducts/fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the myometrium help do?

A

expel the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the oogonia?

A

diploid cell population in the embryonic female ovary that undergo mitosis to create the lifetime pool of oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

describes the process by which the female gamete develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is diploid status?

A

twice the number of unique chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is haploid status?

A

number of unique chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

in male meiosis how many gametes are produced?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

in female meiosis how many gametes are produced?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is atresia?

A

a programmed cell death process for unselected oocyte and its companion follicle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the primary oocyte?

A

a diploid oocyte that has started the process of meiosis but is arrested in meiosis 1. meiosis 1 is completed before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the secondary oocyte?

A

a haploid oocyte (has completed meiosis 1) that is arrested in meiosis 2; it is the secondary oocyte that is ovulated. meiosis 2 is completed only when a sperm fuses with the oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the follicular cells?

A

thecal and granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the hypothalamic peptide hormone?

A

GNRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the anterior pituitary peptide hormones?

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

when are LH and FSH highest?

A

during ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

when is estrogen highest?

A

before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

when is progesterone highest?

A

during the luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

when does the corpus luteum develop?

A

after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

when is the endometrial lining the thickest?

A

luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

describe the feedback of LH in females;

A

LH - thecl cells + cholesterol - androgen + granulosa cells = estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

describe the feedback of FSH in females;

A

FSH - granulosa cells + androgen = estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what type of feedback is LH in females?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what type of feedback is FSH in females?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are growing oocytes surrounded by?

A

zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is the significance of the LH surge?

A

reinitiates meiosis in the primary oocyte to the point of arrest in meiosis 2
arrests estrogen synthesis in granulosa cells
triggers vascular changes and swelling to promote ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what days are the follicular phase?

A

1-13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what days are the ovulation phase?

A

14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what captures an ovulated oocyte?

A

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

is the fimbriae directly attached?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what days are the early luteal phase?

A

15-22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what forms the corpus luteum?

A

lutenized granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what happens in the early luteal phase?

A

production of high levels of progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrial layer for embryo implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what type of hormones are estrogen and progesterone?

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

in the secretory phase what happens to the endometrium?

A

becomes loose and water-filled, highly vascularized and glycogen loaded to be suitable for embryo implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what days are the late luteal phases?

A

24-28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what happens when an embryo does not implant (late luteal)?

A

the corpus luteum has a finite period of hormone producing activity; degenerates to corpus albicans and estrogen and progesterone levels fall

75
Q

what is it called when the endometrial layer is shed?

A

menstruation

76
Q

do the primary follicles of women regenerate?

A

no they are a finite number at birth

77
Q

what happens when the follicle number becomes greatly reduced?

A

the ovarian cycle becomes irregular and then ceases = menopause

78
Q

what are the characteristics of menopause?

A

end of fertility
reduced bone building capacity
reduced vasomotor control = hot flashes

79
Q

what is the primary reproductive organ for males?

A

testis

80
Q

what are the mature gametes in males?

A

spermatozoa

81
Q

what is the accessory sex gland?

A

sperm (gametes + fluid)

82
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the entire process of male gamete development

83
Q

what are spermatogonia?

A

diploid cell population in the male testis that undergo mitosis and over the male lifespam, providinf a continuous supply of cells for gamete development

84
Q

what is the primary spermatocyte?

A

a diploid cell derived by mitosis of spermatogonial progenitor cells. they enter meiosis

85
Q

what is the secondary spermatocyte?

A

a haploid cell resulting from the completion of meiosis 2

86
Q

what is a spermatid?

A

a haploid cell resulting from the completion of meiosis 2

87
Q

what is spermatozoan?

A

a haploid gamete that has undergone specialized morphological change

88
Q

where are the sertoli cells located?

A

within seminiferous tubules

89
Q

where are the leydig cells located?

A

outside the tubules

90
Q

how are adjacent sertoli cells attached?

A

tight junctions

91
Q

what are the functions of sertoli cells?

A

blood testis barrier
provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
phagocytic function by engulfing excess cytoplasn
secrete fluid into the lumen to flush immotile sperm
secrete androgen binding protein

92
Q

when do leydig cells produce testosterone?

A

under influence of LH from the anterior pituitary

93
Q

what is permiogenesis?

A

the process of morphological transformation of the round spermatid into a specialized form

94
Q

where do spermatozoa complete their maturation?

A

epididymis

95
Q

how many parts does a mature sperm have?

A

acrosome + nucleus = head
mitochondria = midpiece
microtubules = tail

96
Q

why are the testes hanging outside the body?

A

temperature regulation

97
Q

what do the testis do?

A

produce sperm
secrete testosterone

98
Q

what do the epididymis and vas deferens do?

A

serve as sperms exit route from the testis
serve as the site for maturation of sperm
concentrate and store sperm

99
Q

what do the seminal vessicles do?

A

supply fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm
secrete prostaglandins that stimulate motility for sperm transfer within male and female
provide bulk of semen
provide precursors for clotting semen

100
Q

what does the prostate gland do?

A

secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vagina
triggers clotting of semen to keep sperm in the vagina

101
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

secretes mucus for lubrication

102
Q

what does LH act on in the males?

A

leydig cells

103
Q

what does FSH and testosterone act on?

A

sertoli cells

104
Q

what are the biological effects of testosterone:

A

masculinizes the reproductive tract and descent of testes - before birth
promotes growth and maturation of system, is essential for spermatogenesis and maintains tract through adulthood - after birth
develops sex drive at puberty and controls gonadotropin hormone secretion - reproduction related effects
induces male pattern of hair growth, causes the voice voice to deepen, promotes muscle growth for male body configuration - secondary sex characteristics

105
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics?

A

characteristics that distinguish males and females aside from reproductive system

106
Q

what is the 4 step sexual response cycle?

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

107
Q

what are the characteristics of the excitement phase?

A

heightened sexual awareness/arousal and blood flow to erectile tissues

108
Q

what glad secretes the lubricant for the female?

A

bartholin’s gland

109
Q

what are the characteristics of the plateau phase?

A

intensification of excitement phase
increaed heart rate
increased respiratory rate
increased blood pressure
muscle tension

110
Q

what are the characteristics of the orgasmic phase?

A

male ejaculates semen
feeling of intense pressure for sexual partners
females can undergo multipe orgasms

111
Q

what are the characteristics of the resolution phase?

A

genitalia and body systems return to pre arousal state.
general relaxation feeling

112
Q

what is an erection and how is it accomplished?

A

hardening of the normally flaccid penis to permit entry into vagina

engorgement of the penis erectile tissue with blood

113
Q

what is the emission pahse of ejaculation?

A

emptying of sperm and accessory sex gland secretions into urethra

114
Q

what is the expulsion phase of ejaculation?

A

forceful expulsion of semen from the penis

115
Q

what is the site of erection generating?

A

lower spinal cord

116
Q

what is the vascular component of an erection?

A

increase in blood flow due to decreased arterial resistance
venous compression to trap blood volume enhances penile rigidity

117
Q

what are the characteristics corpus spongiosum?

A

open system
high flow
low pressure
does not impinge on urethra

118
Q

what are the characteristics of the corpus cavernosum?

A

closed system
outflow obstructed
low flow
high pressure

119
Q

what is the remedy for erectile dysfunction?

A

inhibit cGMP breakdown to maintain relaxation of the corpus cavernosum

120
Q

what delivers fluid for ejaculation?

A

prostate gland

121
Q

what delivers spermatozoa?

A

epididymis and vas deferens

122
Q

what deliveres the semen?

A

seminal vesicles

123
Q

what prevents retrograde ejaculation?

A

sohincter at the bladder neck contracting

124
Q

in the female, how does sperm stay in the vagina?

A

it is clotted

125
Q

what is the maturation process of spermatozoa inside the female reproductive tract called?

A

capacitation

126
Q

what does physical binding of the sperm head with teh zona pellucida lead to and release?

A

acrosome reaction

acrosomal enzymes to drill through

127
Q

what does sperm fusion trigger?

A

ca2 signalling cascade

completion of meiosis 2

releases cortical granules into the space between the membrane and zona pellucida; inactivates ZP binding proteins

128
Q

what is IVF?

A

collection of ovulated oocytes and semen from separate partners

129
Q

what is ICSI?

A

direct injection of the spermatozoan nucleus into an isolated meiosis 2 oocyte

130
Q

what is the form the early embryo takes before implatation in the endometrium?

A

blastocyst

131
Q

what is the last step before the embryo can attach to the endometrium?

A

“hatching” - the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida

132
Q

how many days after fertilization does implantation take place?

A

5-7

133
Q

what is it called when an embryo implants somwehere other than the uterus?

A

ectopic pregnancy

134
Q

what layer fuses with the endometrium to develop the placenta?

A

trophoblast layer

135
Q

what do trophoblast cells secrete?

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

136
Q

where is hCG secreted?

A

in the urine

137
Q

what receptor does hCG bind to?

A

the LH receptor

138
Q

what does hCG sustain before the fetus and placenta take over?

A

corpus luteum

139
Q

how long is the human gestation period?

A

38 weeks

140
Q

when are organ systems and human form established?q

A

8 weeks

141
Q

what is the amnion?

A

fetal membrane that grows with the fetus

142
Q

what is the amnion filled with?

A

amniotic fluid

143
Q

what does the amnion provide?

A

a buoyant chamber, allowing free movement, barrier to infection, temperature control

144
Q

what is the umbilical cord filled with?

A

wharton’s jelly

145
Q

how many veins does the umbilical cord have?

A

1

146
Q

what type of blood does the vein carry?

A

oxygenated

147
Q

how many arteries does the umbilical cord have?

A

2

148
Q

what type of blood does the arteries carry?

A

deoxygenated

149
Q

what does the mature placenta support?

A

gas, nutrient and wate exchange

150
Q

how is the placenta attached to the maternal side?

A

chorionic villi - anchoring villi

151
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

stimulates growth of myometrium
increasing uterine strength
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
promotes duct development in the breasts

152
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

suppresses uterine contractions
promotes formation of cervical mucous plug to prevent contamination

153
Q

what does human chorionic somatomammotropin do?

A

believed to reduce maternal use of glucose and promote breakdown of stored fat

154
Q

what does relaxin do?

A

softens cervix for dilation
loosens connective tissue between pelvic bones

155
Q

what does placental PTHrp do?

A

increases maternal plasma Ca2 levels for use in calcifying fetal bones

156
Q

the placenta produces…

A

progesterone directly and estrogen indirectly

157
Q

what are the maternal changes associated with pregnancy?

A

unterine enlargement
duct and gland growth in the breasts
30% increased blood volume
20% respiratory increase activity
increased urine output

158
Q

what is parturition?

A

the process of delivering a baby and the placenta

159
Q

when does the body prepare for parturition?

A

late stages

160
Q

how does the body prepare for parturition?

A

braxton-hicks
cervix softening
downward fetus shift

161
Q

what are coordinated fetal preparedness?

A

myometrium responsiveness along with cervical softening

162
Q

what are the parturition triggers?

A

high CRH, high estrogen inflammatory responses

163
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour?

A

cervical dilation
delivery of baby
delivery of placenta

164
Q

what is uterine involution?

A

the uterus shrinking to pre-pregnancy size because of the rapid drop in estrogen and progesterone

165
Q

how is the remaining endometrial tissue shed?

A

as normal vaginal discharge (lochia)

166
Q

do mothers that breastfeed have a faster or slower involution process?

A

faster

167
Q

what is dizygotic twinning?

A

fraternal twins
2oocytes fertilized by 2 spermatozoa
2 blastocystsimplant separately
each fetus has its own amnion and chorion

168
Q

what is monozygotic twinning?

A

identical
can be;
dichorionic and diamniotic
monochorionic and diamniotic
minichorinic and monoamniotic

169
Q

high progesterone concetrations during pregnancy stimulate the formation of?

A

alveolar

170
Q

high estrogen concentrations during pregnancy promote developemnt and secretion of?

A

ducts
prolactin
hCS

171
Q

what initiates lactation?

A

sudden drop in progesterone and estrogen

172
Q

how many lobules/alveolar in each breast?

A

15-20

173
Q

what is the milk producing unit?

A

alveolus

174
Q

how is the milk delivered to the nipple?

A

ductal system

175
Q

what is early milk called?

A

colostrum

176
Q

what does colostrum do?

A

readies the newborn GI tract to have a microbiome

177
Q

what are the constituents of breastmilk?

A

water (for hydration)
nutrients (TAG, lactose, proteins, vitamins, calcium and phosphate)
immune protection (b cells, tcells, macrophages, neutrophils)
defensive agents (mucus, lactoferrin)

178
Q

where does oxytocin come from?

A

posterior pituitary

179
Q

where does prolactin come from?

A

anterior pituitary

180
Q

how is lactation controlled?

A

by infant demand and suckling

181
Q

what are the impacts of breastfeeding on the mother?

A

quicker uterine involution
menstrual cycle suppression
bonding
convenient

182
Q

how does cessation of milk production occur?

A

absence of suckling reduces prolactin
milk may accumulate in alveoli which may cause milk production
eventuall breasts will return to pre pregnancy state

183
Q

what are the contraception strategies?

A

abstinence
rhythm method
coitus interruptus
chemical spermicides
barrier methods
surgery

184
Q

what are oral contraceptions?

A

hormone formulations that suppress FSH adn LH
mimic the ovulatory cycle with menstruation proceeding after hormone withdrawl

MED 310A (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions