reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
what are the sex specific components?
A
primary reproductive organs that generate the gametes (gonads)
a reproductive tract
accessory sex glands that produce secretions for support of gametes and intercourse
2
Q
what is genetic sex determined by?
A
which chromosome the sperm deliveres
3
Q
when does the embryonic window start?
A
6 weeks of gesttation
4
Q
what helps illustrate the human genetic complement?
A
karyotype
5
Q
how many chromosomes do humans typically have?
A
46
6
Q
sperm with Y sex chromosome determine the genetic sex of…
A
male
7
Q
sperm with X sex chromosome determine the genetic sex of…
A
female
8
Q
what does genetic sex depend on?
A
combination of sex chromosomes
9
Q
from conception to week 6 of embryonic is male and female shown externally?
A
no, they are externally identical
10
Q
the early embryonic gonad is _____ and ___
A
unspecified and bipotential
11
Q
what is the female reproductive tract called?
A
Mullerian
12
Q
what is the male reproductive tract called?
A
wolffian
13
Q
what is essential for the establishment of male gonadal sex?
A
SRY transcription factor
14
Q
what happens in the absence of SRY transcription factor?
A
female gonadal ssex
15
Q
what creates the testes?
A
testis-determining factor
16
Q
which is differentiated first, the gonads or the reproductive tract?
A
gonads
17
Q
what signals wolffian duct development?
A
androgens and MIF (AMH)
18
Q
what signals mullerian duct development?
A
absence of androgens and MIF
19
Q
describe the determination of male gonadal sex;
A
testes secrete testosterone and MIH - testosterone is converted to DHT which promoted development of penis, scrotum - MIH degenerates mullerian ducts - testosterone transforms wolffian ducts into male tract
20
Q
describe the determination of female gonadal sex;
A
no testosterone or MIH is secreted - causes development of mullerian ducts, development of clitoris and labia, degeneration of wolffian ducts
21
Q
how is gonadal sex determined?
A
presence or absence of SRY
22
Q
how is phenotypic sex determined?
A
presence or absence of masculinizing hormones
23
Q
what does the leydig cell make?
A
testosterone
24
Q
waht does the sertoli cell make?
A
mullerian inhibiting factor
25
when is an ultrasound taken?
18-22 weeks
26
when is each determination of sex determined?
genetic - conception
gonadal - 6-7 weeks
sex-specifc hormone profiles - 7-9 weeks
phenotypic - 10-12 weeks `
27
what does the genital tubercle, urethral folds and genital swellings become for male genitalia?
developing penis (urethral opening, glans penis)
anus and ureter
prepuce, sahft and scrotum
28
what does the genital tubercle, urethral folds and genital swellings become for female genitalia?
clitoris
labia minora, urethra, hymen, vagina, anus
labia majora
29
what are the differences in location between ovaries and testes?
ovaries remain in abdominal cavity
testes descend into the scrotum
30
what helps testes descend?
gubernaculum (a ligament)
31
what does an absent SRY signal in a male embryo do?
female development. different gonadal and phenotypic sex
32
what does an absent androgen receptor in a male embryo do?
causes male etstes, female physcial appearance and breast development. proper gonadal sex, different phenotypic
33
what does insufficient testosterone to DHT conversion in a male embryo do?
male testes and reproductive tract, female external genitalia
34
what does excessive androgen production in a female embryo do?
female ovary, male differentation of the reproductive tract and genitalia
35
what happens during puberty?
an endocrine surge and onset of reproductive cycling
36
what is an oocyte?
mature gamate of female reproductive system
37
what is the ovary?
primary reproductive organ for females
38
what reproductive organs support fetal development?
uterus, endometrium and myometrium
39
what are the parts of the female reproductive tract?
oviducts/fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
vagina
40
what does the myometrium help do?
expel the fetus
41
what is the oogonia?
diploid cell population in the embryonic female ovary that undergo mitosis to create the lifetime pool of oocytes
42
what is oogenesis?
describes the process by which the female gamete develops
43
what is diploid status?
twice the number of unique chromosomes
44
what is haploid status?
number of unique chromosomes
45
in male meiosis how many gametes are produced?
4
46
in female meiosis how many gametes are produced?
1
47
what is atresia?
a programmed cell death process for unselected oocyte and its companion follicle cells
48
what is the primary oocyte?
a diploid oocyte that has started the process of meiosis but is arrested in meiosis 1. meiosis 1 is completed before ovulation
49
what is the secondary oocyte?
a haploid oocyte (has completed meiosis 1) that is arrested in meiosis 2; it is the secondary oocyte that is ovulated. meiosis 2 is completed only when a sperm fuses with the oocyte
50
what are the follicular cells?
thecal and granulosa cells
51
what is the hypothalamic peptide hormone?
GNRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
52
what is the anterior pituitary peptide hormones?
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
53
when are LH and FSH highest?
during ovulation
54
when is estrogen highest?
before ovulation
55
when is progesterone highest?
during the luteal phase
56
when does the corpus luteum develop?
after ovulation
57
when is the endometrial lining the thickest?
luteal phase
58
describe the feedback of LH in females;
LH - thecl cells + cholesterol - androgen + granulosa cells = estrogen
59
describe the feedback of FSH in females;
FSH - granulosa cells + androgen = estrogen
60
what type of feedback is LH in females?
negative
61
what type of feedback is FSH in females?
positive
62
what are growing oocytes surrounded by?
zona pellucida
63
what is the significance of the LH surge?
reinitiates meiosis in the primary oocyte to the point of arrest in meiosis 2
arrests estrogen synthesis in granulosa cells
triggers vascular changes and swelling to promote ovulation
64
what days are the follicular phase?
1-13
65
what days are the ovulation phase?
14
66
what captures an ovulated oocyte?
fimbriae
67
is the fimbriae directly attached?
no
68
what days are the early luteal phase?
15-22
69
what forms the corpus luteum?
lutenized granulosa cells
70
what happens in the early luteal phase?
production of high levels of progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrial layer for embryo implantation
71
what type of hormones are estrogen and progesterone?
steroid
72
in the secretory phase what happens to the endometrium?
becomes loose and water-filled, highly vascularized and glycogen loaded to be suitable for embryo implantation
73
what days are the late luteal phases?
24-28
74
what happens when an embryo does not implant (late luteal)?
the corpus luteum has a finite period of hormone producing activity; degenerates to corpus albicans and estrogen and progesterone levels fall
75
what is it called when the endometrial layer is shed?
menstruation
76
do the primary follicles of women regenerate?
no they are a finite number at birth
77
what happens when the follicle number becomes greatly reduced?
the ovarian cycle becomes irregular and then ceases = menopause
78
what are the characteristics of menopause?
end of fertility
reduced bone building capacity
reduced vasomotor control = hot flashes
79
what is the primary reproductive organ for males?
testis
80
what are the mature gametes in males?
spermatozoa
81
what is the accessory sex gland?
sperm (gametes + fluid)
82
what is spermatogenesis?
the entire process of male gamete development
83
what are spermatogonia?
diploid cell population in the male testis that undergo mitosis and over the male lifespam, providinf a continuous supply of cells for gamete development
84
what is the primary spermatocyte?
a diploid cell derived by mitosis of spermatogonial progenitor cells. they enter meiosis
85
what is the secondary spermatocyte?
a haploid cell resulting from the completion of meiosis 2
86
what is a spermatid?
a haploid cell resulting from the completion of meiosis 2
87
what is spermatozoan?
a haploid gamete that has undergone specialized morphological change
88
where are the sertoli cells located?
within seminiferous tubules
89
where are the leydig cells located?
outside the tubules
90
how are adjacent sertoli cells attached?
tight junctions
91
what are the functions of sertoli cells?
blood testis barrier
provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
phagocytic function by engulfing excess cytoplasn
secrete fluid into the lumen to flush immotile sperm
secrete androgen binding protein
92
when do leydig cells produce testosterone?
under influence of LH from the anterior pituitary
93
what is permiogenesis?
the process of morphological transformation of the round spermatid into a specialized form
94
where do spermatozoa complete their maturation?
epididymis
95
how many parts does a mature sperm have?
acrosome + nucleus = head
mitochondria = midpiece
microtubules = tail
96
why are the testes hanging outside the body?
temperature regulation
97
what do the testis do?
produce sperm
secrete testosterone
98
what do the epididymis and vas deferens do?
serve as sperms exit route from the testis
serve as the site for maturation of sperm
concentrate and store sperm
99
what do the seminal vessicles do?
supply fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm
secrete prostaglandins that stimulate motility for sperm transfer within male and female
provide bulk of semen
provide precursors for clotting semen
100
what does the prostate gland do?
secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vagina
triggers clotting of semen to keep sperm in the vagina
101
what does the bulbourethral gland do?
secretes mucus for lubrication
102
what does LH act on in the males?
leydig cells
103
what does FSH and testosterone act on?
sertoli cells
104
what are the biological effects of testosterone:
masculinizes the reproductive tract and descent of testes - before birth
promotes growth and maturation of system, is essential for spermatogenesis and maintains tract through adulthood - after birth
develops sex drive at puberty and controls gonadotropin hormone secretion - reproduction related effects
induces male pattern of hair growth, causes the voice voice to deepen, promotes muscle growth for male body configuration - secondary sex characteristics
105
what are secondary sex characteristics?
characteristics that distinguish males and females aside from reproductive system
106
what is the 4 step sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
107
what are the characteristics of the excitement phase?
heightened sexual awareness/arousal and blood flow to erectile tissues
108
what glad secretes the lubricant for the female?
bartholin's gland
109
what are the characteristics of the plateau phase?
intensification of excitement phase
increaed heart rate
increased respiratory rate
increased blood pressure
muscle tension
110
what are the characteristics of the orgasmic phase?
male ejaculates semen
feeling of intense pressure for sexual partners
females can undergo multipe orgasms
111
what are the characteristics of the resolution phase?
genitalia and body systems return to pre arousal state.
general relaxation feeling
112
what is an erection and how is it accomplished?
hardening of the normally flaccid penis to permit entry into vagina
engorgement of the penis erectile tissue with blood
113
what is the emission pahse of ejaculation?
emptying of sperm and accessory sex gland secretions into urethra
114
what is the expulsion phase of ejaculation?
forceful expulsion of semen from the penis
115
what is the site of erection generating?
lower spinal cord
116
what is the vascular component of an erection?
increase in blood flow due to decreased arterial resistance
venous compression to trap blood volume enhances penile rigidity
117
what are the characteristics corpus spongiosum?
open system
high flow
low pressure
does not impinge on urethra
118
what are the characteristics of the corpus cavernosum?
closed system
outflow obstructed
low flow
high pressure
119
what is the remedy for erectile dysfunction?
inhibit cGMP breakdown to maintain relaxation of the corpus cavernosum
120
what delivers fluid for ejaculation?
prostate gland
121
what delivers spermatozoa?
epididymis and vas deferens
122
what deliveres the semen?
seminal vesicles
123
what prevents retrograde ejaculation?
sohincter at the bladder neck contracting
124
in the female, how does sperm stay in the vagina?
it is clotted
125
what is the maturation process of spermatozoa inside the female reproductive tract called?
capacitation
126
what does physical binding of the sperm head with teh zona pellucida lead to and release?
acrosome reaction
acrosomal enzymes to drill through
127
what does sperm fusion trigger?
ca2 signalling cascade
completion of meiosis 2
releases cortical granules into the space between the membrane and zona pellucida; inactivates ZP binding proteins
128
what is IVF?
collection of ovulated oocytes and semen from separate partners
129
what is ICSI?
direct injection of the spermatozoan nucleus into an isolated meiosis 2 oocyte
130
what is the form the early embryo takes before implatation in the endometrium?
blastocyst
131
what is the last step before the embryo can attach to the endometrium?
"hatching" - the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida
132
how many days after fertilization does implantation take place?
5-7
133
what is it called when an embryo implants somwehere other than the uterus?
ectopic pregnancy
134
what layer fuses with the endometrium to develop the placenta?
trophoblast layer
135
what do trophoblast cells secrete?
hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin
136
where is hCG secreted?
in the urine
137
what receptor does hCG bind to?
the LH receptor
138
what does hCG sustain before the fetus and placenta take over?
corpus luteum
139
how long is the human gestation period?
38 weeks
140
when are organ systems and human form established?q
8 weeks
141
what is the amnion?
fetal membrane that grows with the fetus
142
what is the amnion filled with?
amniotic fluid
143
what does the amnion provide?
a buoyant chamber, allowing free movement, barrier to infection, temperature control
144
what is the umbilical cord filled with?
wharton's jelly
145
how many veins does the umbilical cord have?
1
146
what type of blood does the vein carry?
oxygenated
147
how many arteries does the umbilical cord have?
2
148
what type of blood does the arteries carry?
deoxygenated
149
what does the mature placenta support?
gas, nutrient and wate exchange
150
how is the placenta attached to the maternal side?
chorionic villi - anchoring villi
151
what does estrogen do?
stimulates growth of myometrium
increasing uterine strength
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
promotes duct development in the breasts
152
what does progesterone do?
suppresses uterine contractions
promotes formation of cervical mucous plug to prevent contamination
153
what does human chorionic somatomammotropin do?
believed to reduce maternal use of glucose and promote breakdown of stored fat
154
what does relaxin do?
softens cervix for dilation
loosens connective tissue between pelvic bones
155
what does placental PTHrp do?
increases maternal plasma Ca2 levels for use in calcifying fetal bones
156
the placenta produces...
progesterone directly and estrogen indirectly
157
what are the maternal changes associated with pregnancy?
unterine enlargement
duct and gland growth in the breasts
30% increased blood volume
20% respiratory increase activity
increased urine output
158
what is parturition?
the process of delivering a baby and the placenta
159
when does the body prepare for parturition?
late stages
160
how does the body prepare for parturition?
braxton-hicks
cervix softening
downward fetus shift
161
what are coordinated fetal preparedness?
myometrium responsiveness along with cervical softening
162
what are the parturition triggers?
high CRH, high estrogen inflammatory responses
163
what are the 3 stages of labour?
cervical dilation
delivery of baby
delivery of placenta
164
what is uterine involution?
the uterus shrinking to pre-pregnancy size because of the rapid drop in estrogen and progesterone
165
how is the remaining endometrial tissue shed?
as normal vaginal discharge (lochia)
166
do mothers that breastfeed have a faster or slower involution process?
faster
167
what is dizygotic twinning?
fraternal twins
2oocytes fertilized by 2 spermatozoa
2 blastocystsimplant separately
each fetus has its own amnion and chorion
168
what is monozygotic twinning?
identical
can be;
dichorionic and diamniotic
monochorionic and diamniotic
minichorinic and monoamniotic
169
high progesterone concetrations during pregnancy stimulate the formation of?
alveolar
170
high estrogen concentrations during pregnancy promote developemnt and secretion of?
ducts
prolactin
hCS
171
what initiates lactation?
sudden drop in progesterone and estrogen
172
how many lobules/alveolar in each breast?
15-20
173
what is the milk producing unit?
alveolus
174
how is the milk delivered to the nipple?
ductal system
175
what is early milk called?
colostrum
176
what does colostrum do?
readies the newborn GI tract to have a microbiome
177
what are the constituents of breastmilk?
water (for hydration)
nutrients (TAG, lactose, proteins, vitamins, calcium and phosphate)
immune protection (b cells, tcells, macrophages, neutrophils)
defensive agents (mucus, lactoferrin)
178
where does oxytocin come from?
posterior pituitary
179
where does prolactin come from?
anterior pituitary
180
how is lactation controlled?
by infant demand and suckling
181
what are the impacts of breastfeeding on the mother?
quicker uterine involution
menstrual cycle suppression
bonding
convenient
182
how does cessation of milk production occur?
absence of suckling reduces prolactin
milk may accumulate in alveoli which may cause milk production
eventuall breasts will return to pre pregnancy state
183
what are the contraception strategies?
abstinence
rhythm method
coitus interruptus
chemical spermicides
barrier methods
surgery
184
what are oral contraceptions?
hormone formulations that suppress FSH adn LH
mimic the ovulatory cycle with menstruation proceeding after hormone withdrawl
