hearing

Question 1

what is hearing?

Answer 1

perception of the frequency and amplitude of sound pressure waves

Question 2

what is a normal speaking volume?

Answer 2

60 dB

Question 3

what initiates auditory perception?

Answer 3

hair cells in the cochlear duct

Question 4

what leads to auditory action potential?

Answer 4

depolarization of hair cells due to fluid waves

Question 5

what nerve fibers do the hair cells synapse with?

Answer 5

cochlear nerves

Question 6

what part of the basilar membrane do low frequencies interact with?

Answer 6

narrow stiff region

Question 7

what part of the basilar membrane do high frequencies interact with?

Answer 7

wide flexible region

Question 8

what is white noise?

Answer 8

a mix of all frequencies

Question 9

what is pink noise?

Answer 9

a mix of high and low frequencies

Question 10

what is brown noise?

Answer 10

a blend of low frequencies to create a rumble

Question 11

where does sound split?

Answer 11

in the medulla

Question 12

what is a harmful amplitude of sound?

Answer 12

> 85 dB

Question 13

what does the vestibular ocular reflex do?

Answer 13

Mediates unblurred vision during head movements

Question 14

what direction does the medial rectus muscle move the eye?

Answer 14

toward the nose

Question 15

what direction does the lateral rectus muscle move the eye?

Answer 15

away from eye

Question 16

what direction does the superior rectus muscle move the eye?

Answer 16

up

Question 17

what direction does the inferior rectus muscle move the eye?

Answer 17

down

Question 18

what direction does the superior oblique muscle move the eye?

Answer 18

down toward nose

Question 19

what direction does the inferior oblique muscle move the eye?

Answer 19

up toward temple

Question 20

what detects angular acceleration?

Answer 20

cupulae

Question 21

what stimulates the cupulae?

Answer 21

Movement of endolymph bends the cupulae and stimulates hair cells

Question 22

what is the primary vestibular afferent?

Answer 22

head angular rotational velocity information detected by hair cells of cupulae

Question 23

what type of neuron arc does a lateral head movement produce?

Answer 23

a 3 -neuron-arc

Question 24

what do short eye movements do?

Answer 24

compensatory eye movements are within mechanical limits of eye rotation

Question 25

what do large amplitude head movements do?

Answer 25

eye reaches limit of excursion before head movement is complete. At extreme position it flicks back to a new starting position

Question 26

what is nystagmus?

Answer 26

combination of altering slow and fast phase eye movements in opposite directions

Question 27

what detects linear acceleration?

Answer 27

maculase sensory structures

Question 28

what stimulates the maculase sensory structures?

Answer 28

Position shifts of the otoliths drags the otolith membrane which stimulates hair cells