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MED 310A > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

are afferent signals the ones leaving or coming into the CNS?

A

entering

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2
Q

are efferent signals the ones coming in or leaving the CNS?

A

leaving

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3
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

afferent and efferent neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what does the ANS consist of?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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6
Q

what are the major cells of the CNS

A

glial cells and neurons

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7
Q

what are neurons and where are they found?

A

effectors/sensors, gray matter

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8
Q

what are glial cells and where are they found?

A

protection and support cells
white matter

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9
Q

name the types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells (CNS)
schwann cells, satellite cells (PNS)

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10
Q

what system are interneurons located in?

A

CNS

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11
Q

what is a nerve and what system are they located in?

A

long bundles of sensory and motor axons in PNS

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12
Q

how many cells in the brain are glial cells?

A

half

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13
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

physically support neurons
form the scaffold during fetal brain development
induce formation of the BBB
form neural scar tissue
enhance synapse formation and strengthen transmission via chemical signaling with neurons

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14
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

form myelin sheaths

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15
Q

what do microglia do?

A

defense of brain as phagocytic scavengers

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16
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
contribute to forming CSF
serve as neural stem sells with potential to form new neurons and glial cells

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17
Q

what are the meninges?

A

protective layer

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18
Q

how many layers are there to the meninges?

A

3

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19
Q

what are the meninges layers and what is their formation?

A

Pia Mater - innermost
arachnoid mater - middle
dure mater - outermost

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20
Q

what is the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called?

A

subarachnoid space

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21
Q

what is the contents of the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF and blood vessels

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22
Q

what is CSF?

A

the liquid that the brain and spinal cord float in

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23
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus of the ventricles

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24
Q

at what ventricle does CSF exit to fill the subarachnoid space?

A

4th ventricle

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25
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed into venous blood?

A

arachnoid villi

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26
Q

what are the functions of CSF?

A

reduces brain weight
provides protective padding
creates a regulated environment

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27
Q

what does a spinal tap look for to determine infection?

A

presence of proteins and blood cells in the CSF

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28
Q

how often is CSF replaced in the body?

A

more than 3x per day

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29
Q

what would a problem with CSF indicated?

A

hydrocephalus

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30
Q

what is the most common cause of inadequate blood supply to the brain?

A

stroke

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31
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

functional barrier between interstitial fluid and blood

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32
Q

what is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

limits passage of blood born agents, protects brain from toxins and fluctuations in hormones, ions and neuroactive substances

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33
Q

what is in the blood brain barrier?

A

endothelial cells and capillaries

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34
Q

what are endothelial cells?

A

cells that form tight junctions so nothing can get between them, the only option is passage through them

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35
Q

what type of substances can penetrate endothelial cells/the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid soluble (O2, CO2, steroids, alcohol)

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36
Q

is the blood brain barrier leaky? if so, why?

A

yes
allows the brain to sense and respond to chemical changes in the body

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37
Q

how much oxygen does the brain get from the heart?

A

15%

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38
Q

can the brain do its job without oxygen?

A

no, the brain can’t produce nay ATP without it

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39
Q

how much glucose does the brain use?

A

half the body’s glucose but it does NOT store well

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40
Q

what are the roles of the cerebral cortex?

A

sensory perception
voluntary movement
language
personality
sophisticated mental events

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41
Q

what are the roles of the basal nuclei?

A

inhibition of muscle tone
slow, sustained movement
suppression of useless pattern

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42
Q

what are the roles of the thalamus?

A

relay station
crude sensation
conciousness
motor control

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43
Q

what are the roles of the hypothalamus?

A

regulation of homeostatic functions
link between nervous and endocrine
emotion
basic behavioural patterns
sleep-wake

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44
Q

what are the roles of the cerebellum?

A

balance
enhancement of muscle tone
skilled voluntary movement

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45
Q

what are the roles of the brain stem?

A

peripheral cranial nerves
cardio, respiratory, digestion control
muscle reflexes
reception and integration of synpatic input
arousal and activation of cerebral corex
sleep-wake cycle
RAS controls the overall cortical alertness

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46
Q

what is gray matter (cerebral cortex) composed of?

A

neuronal cells, dendrites and glial cells

47
Q

in what type of matter does neural input and initiation take place?

A

gray matter

48
Q

what does white matter (core) consist of?

A

bundles of myelinated nerve fibres that interconnect brain areas

49
Q

how many layers is the cerebral cortex organized into?

A

6

50
Q

how many lobes are there in the brain?

A

4

51
Q

what occurs at the occipital lobe?

A

visual input

52
Q

what occurs at the temporal lobe?

A

auditory input from cochlea
limbic association

53
Q

what occurs at the parietal lobe?

A

somatosensory input

54
Q

what occurs at the frontal lobe?

A

voluntary motor, speaking, thought, personality
primary motor cortex

55
Q

what happens at broca’s area?

A

speech formation

56
Q

where is broca’s area located?

A

frontal lobe

57
Q

what structures does the temporal lobe contain?

A

hippocampus and amygdala

58
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

frontal lobe in front of the central sulcus

59
Q

what does the motor homunculus do?

A

depicts the location and amount of then motor cortex to be devoted to an output

60
Q

in the frontal lobe, what encodes the force, direction and speed of movement?

A

neurons

61
Q

does the primary motor cortex initiate voluntary movement?

A

no

62
Q

what does the premotor cortex do?

A

signals preparation for movement, correct vs. incorrect action

63
Q

what does the supplementary cortex do?

A

plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences, responds to remebered movements
active during action and imagination

64
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

planning and organization of goal-directed behaviour, working memory and decision making

65
Q

what is somaesthetic sensation?

A

sensation from receptors on the surface of the body (touch, pain, pressure, temp)

66
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus

67
Q

what does the sensory homunculus do?

A

recieves information from different areas. depending on the size of the body part will determine the proportion of the somatosensory cortex devoted to that area

68
Q

what does the associative parietal cirtex do?

A

integrates touch, vision and audition information in spatial context

69
Q

if the primary somatosensory cortex is damaged on the right side, where will sensory be lost to?

A

left side of the body

70
Q

what are the association areas?

A

prefrontal association complex
parietal-temporal-occipital association complex
limbic association complex

71
Q

in what matter is the basal nuclei located?

A

white matter

72
Q

what are the diseases of the basal ganglia?

A

parkinsons and huntingtons

73
Q

what causes parkinsons?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (midbrain)

74
Q

what are the characteristics of paarkinsons?

A

increased muscle tone/rigidity
tremors at rest
difficulty initiating and carrying out movements

75
Q

what is the cause of huntingtons?

A

degeneration of caudate nucleus
causes overactive motor circuits

76
Q

what are the caracteristics of huntingtons?

A

chorea
memory problems

77
Q

what are the functionally distinct parts of the cerebellum?

A

vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
cerebroberebellum

78
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum responsible for?

A

balance and eye movements

79
Q

what is the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

enhancing muscle tone and coordination of skilled movements

80
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum responsible for?

A

plans and initiates voluntary activity and stores procedural memory

81
Q

what is the reticular activating system?

A

a behavioural state system where neurons initiate

82
Q

what does the reticular activating system influence?

A

attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control

83
Q

what system do general anaesthetics target?

A

the RAS system. blocks the pathway between the RAS and cerebral cortex to create unconciousness

84
Q

what is the limbic system made up of and where is it located?

A

portions of the cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus
surrounds brain stem

85
Q

what neurotransmitters does the limbic system use?

A

norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin

86
Q

what mental health issue is associated with defects in limbic neurotransmitters?

A

depression

87
Q

what is the limbic system associated with?

A

emotions, basic survival, sociosexual behaviour, motivation and learning

88
Q

what are the cortical structures of the limbic system and their functions?

A

medial prefrontal cortex - decison making, control of emotions and impulses
cigulate cortex - motivation, drive, mood
medial temporal lobes - episodic memory formation

89
Q

what are the subcortical structures of the limbic system and their functions?

A

hippocampus - episodic memory formation, context, loaction
hypothalamus - homeostasis, food, water, sex and aggression
amygdala - fear and effective learning

90
Q

what is learning?

A

acquisition of knowledge based on experinece and/or instruction

91
Q

what is memory?

A

storage of acquired knowledge for later recall.
short term
long term
working

92
Q

what is a memory trace?

A

a neural change responsibke for retention or storage of knowledge

93
Q

what is declarative memory and what part of the brain does it involve?

A

what memories.
people, faces, facts, events
hippocampus

94
Q

what is procedural memory and what part of the brain does it involve?

A

how to memories.
involves cerebellum

95
Q

what part of the brain does consolidation of short term memories to long term involve?

A

medial temporal lobe

96
Q

short term memory involves transient changes in synpatic activity;
true or false

A

true

97
Q

long term memory involves formation of new, permanent synaptic connections;
true or false

A

true

98
Q

what does habituation do?

A

decreases the responsiveness to a repetitive stimuli

99
Q

what does sensiitization do?

A

increases responsiveness to mild stimuli following an event

100
Q

where does working memory take place?

A

prefrontal cortex

101
Q

what is a cholinergic neuron?

A

neurons that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

102
Q

what is alzheimer’s characterized by?

A

short term memory loss early on
long term memory loss eventually
personality changes
confusion
disorientation

103
Q

what are the brain alterations for alzheimers?

A

neurofibrillary tangles
amyloid plaques
loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain

104
Q

what does warnicke’s area interpret?

A

language

105
Q

what is aphasia?

A

dysfunction of dominant cerebral hemisphere

106
Q

what is a speech impediment?

A

defects in mechanical aspect of speech

107
Q

what is dyslexia?

A

difficulty learning to read because of inappropriate interpretation of words

108
Q

what can an EEG determine?

A

seizure tendancies
death
stages of sleep

109
Q

when would you see an alpha wave? (8-13 Hz)

A

awake but relaxed

110
Q

when would you see a beta wave? (13-30 Hz)

A

alert and attentive

111
Q

what is seen in paradoxial sleep?

A

rapid eye movement (REM)

112
Q

how long does it take to move from stages 1-4 in sleep?

A

35-45 mins

113
Q

when entering REM sleep what stage is skipped?

A

stage 1

114
Q

what is paradoxial sleep characterized by?

A

an EEG similar to an awake person

MED 310A (15 decks)

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