Reproduction

Question 1

When are eggs released from the ovary?

Answer 1

Day 14

Question 2

What is it called when eggs are released from the ovary?

Answer 2

Ovulation

Question 3

How often does the cycle repeat itself?

Answer 3

Every 28 days

Question 4

From which days does menstruation occur

Answer 4

the first 5-7 days

Question 5

What is menstruation?

Answer 5

Breakdown/shedding of the uterus lining

Question 6

Describe oestrogen levels and when they peak

Answer 6

They rise from day 1 to peak just before day 14

Question 7

What is the purpose of oestrogen?

Answer 7

Causes uterus lining to thicken/stimulates uterus to develop a lining (for implantation)
Inhibits FSH production (stops another egg being matured)
Stimulates LH production

Question 8

Describe levels of progesterone

Answer 8

Stays low from day 1-14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occured (after day 14)

Question 9

What is the purpose of progesterone?

Answer 9

Maintains uterus lining.
Inhibits LH and FSH production (so no more eggs are released or matured)

Question 10

What is menstruation triggered by (refer to a hormone) ?

Answer 10

Drop in progesterone, progesterone maintains the uterus lining.

Question 11

What is FSH released by?

Answer 11

Pituitary gland.

Question 12

What is LH released by?

Answer 12

Pituitary gland

Question 13

What is the purpose of FSH?

Answer 13

Stimulates a follicle (egg) to mature in the ovary.
Stimulates release of oestrogen

Question 14

What is the purpose of LH?

Answer 14

Causes ovulation to occur (egg released from oviduct)
Stimulates progesterone production

Question 15

Where is oestrogen produced?

Answer 15

Ovary.

Question 16

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 16

Ovary.

Question 17

Mnemonic for remembering order of hormones

Answer 17

FOLP (FSH, Oestrogen, LH and Progesterone)

Question 18

What nutrients are passed from the mother’s blood to the foetus?

Answer 18

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, water, oxygen, minerals, vitamins

Question 19

Waste products absorbed by the mother’s blood from the foetus’s blood

Answer 19

Carbon dioxide and Urea

Question 20

Why are pregnant women advised not to smoke?

Answer 20

Nictoine can pass across the placenta. Not all toxin molecules are stopped by the placenta.

Question 21

Adaptations of the placenta

Answer 21

Difference in concentration gradient
Large surface area, many villi
Short diffusion distance, foetus’s blood vessels are close to mother’s blood supply

Question 22

Explain process of mitosis

Answer 22

DNA replicates to form chromatids (2 copies of each chromosome). Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindle fibres attach to chromatids and they move to the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres shorten, chromatids pulled apart by their centromeres. The now chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. Cell begins to divide, nuclear membrane forms again, cell constricts and chromosomes become less distinct. 2 daughter cells are formed.

Question 23

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 23

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces genetically non-identical daughter cells.
Mitosis: 2 cells produced. Meiosis: 4 cells produced.
Mitosis: divides once. Meiosis: divides twice
Mitosis: produces diploid cells. Meiosis: produces haploid cells
Mitosis: Same number of chromosomes. Meiosis: Half number of chromosomes.

Question 24

Use of mitosis

Answer 24

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Question 25

Use of meiosis

Answer 25

To produce gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 26

How is the developing embryo protected by amniotic fluid?

Answer 26

Amniotic fluid surrounds the embryo. Acts as a cushion absorbing shocks and protecting the embryo from external impacts.