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Biology IGCSE > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

When are eggs released from the ovary?

A

Day 14

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2
Q

What is it called when eggs are released from the ovary?

A

Ovulation

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3
Q

How often does the cycle repeat itself?

A

Every 28 days

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4
Q

From which days does menstruation occur

A

the first 5-7 days

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5
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Breakdown/shedding of the uterus lining

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6
Q

Describe oestrogen levels and when they peak

A

They rise from day 1 to peak just before day 14

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7
Q

What is the purpose of oestrogen?

A

Causes uterus lining to thicken/stimulates uterus to develop a lining (for implantation)
Inhibits FSH production (stops another egg being matured)
Stimulates LH production

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8
Q

Describe levels of progesterone

A

Stays low from day 1-14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occured (after day 14)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of progesterone?

A

Maintains uterus lining.
Inhibits LH and FSH production (so no more eggs are released or matured)

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10
Q

What is menstruation triggered by (refer to a hormone) ?

A

Drop in progesterone, progesterone maintains the uterus lining.

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11
Q

What is FSH released by?

A

Pituitary gland.

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12
Q

What is LH released by?

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

What is the purpose of FSH?

A

Stimulates a follicle (egg) to mature in the ovary.
Stimulates release of oestrogen

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14
Q

What is the purpose of LH?

A

Causes ovulation to occur (egg released from oviduct)
Stimulates progesterone production

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15
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovary.

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16
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

17
Q

Mnemonic for remembering order of hormones

A

FOLP (FSH, Oestrogen, LH and Progesterone)

18
Q

What nutrients are passed from the mother’s blood to the foetus?

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, water, oxygen, minerals, vitamins

19
Q

Waste products absorbed by the mother’s blood from the foetus’s blood

A

Carbon dioxide and Urea

20
Q

Why are pregnant women advised not to smoke?

A

Nictoine can pass across the placenta. Not all toxin molecules are stopped by the placenta.

21
Q

Adaptations of the placenta

A

Difference in concentration gradient
Large surface area, many villi
Short diffusion distance, foetus’s blood vessels are close to mother’s blood supply

22
Q

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces genetically non-identical daughter cells.
Mitosis: 2 cells produced. Meiosis: 4 cells produced.
Mitosis: divides once. Meiosis: divides twice
Mitosis: produces diploid cells. Meiosis: produces haploid cells
Mitosis: Same number of chromosomes. Meiosis: Half number of chromosomes.

23
Q

Use of mitosis

A

Growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction

24
Q

Use of meiosis

A

To produce gametes for sexual reproduction

25
Q

How is the developing embryo protected by amniotic fluid?

A

Amniotic fluid surrounds the embryo. Acts as a cushion absorbing shocks and protecting the embryo from external impacts.

26
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote which then undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo.

27
Q

Products of meiosis

A

Produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes
Genetically different haploid cells

28
Q

Products of mitosis

A

Produces 2 cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes.
Genetically identical diploid cells

29
Q

Function and structure of ovary

A

Where egg cells are formed by meiosis. Produces hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

30
Q

Function and structure of oviduct

A

Eggs travel down this to reach the uterus. Lined with cilia which move the egg cell. Site of fertilisation.

31
Q

Function and structure of uterus/womb

A

Lining forms in the uterus where embryo will implant. Foetus develops in the uterus which has a thick muscular wall which contracts during labour.

32
Q

Function and structure of cervix

A

Narrow opening to uterus. Dilates during labour to allow baby to be born.

33
Q

Which hormones cause development of secondary sexual characteristics in men and women?

A

Men - testosterone
Women - Oestrogen

34
Q

Function and structure of testes

A

Where sperm cells are formed by meiosis. Produces hormone testosterone.

35
Q

Function and structure of sperm duct

A

Maturing sperm are transported along this tube.

36
Q

Function and structure of seminal vesicles and prostate gland

A

Release liquids into sperm duct, which mixes with sperm cells to form semen. Liquid provides nutrients to the sperm.

37
Q

Function and structure of urethra (male)

A

Tube which can transport either urine or semen.

38
Q

Examples of male secondary characteristics

A

Voice breaks
Sperm production begins
Shoulders broaden
Facial, armpit, body hair growth
Greater muscle development

39
Q

Examples of female secondary characteristics

A

Menstrual cycle begins
Armpit and pubic hair growth
Pelvis broadens in preparation for pregnancy and labour

Biology IGCSE (19 decks)

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