Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Store of Energy
Fuel for Respiration (glucose is a carb)

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2
Q

What are Proteins used for?

A

Growth and repair of cells/tissues
Fuel for respiration

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3
Q

What are Lipids used for

A

Thermal insulation
Store of energy
Fuel for respiration

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4
Q

What is water used for?

A

Regulating temperature
Used to transport substances in blood plasma

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5
Q

What is fibre used for?

A

It is mainly cellulose
Helps movement of food through small intestine
Prevents constipation and bowel cancer

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6
Q

Protein –>

A

(Peptides) –> Amino acids

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7
Q

Carbohydrates (Starch) –>

A

(Maltose) –> Glucose

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8
Q

Lipids –>

A

Glycerol + Fatty acids

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9
Q

Which enzyme breaks down protein into peptides and where is it made?

A

Protease - Pepsin made in Stomach

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10
Q

Which enzyme breaks down peptides into amino acids and where is it made?

A

Protease - Trypsin made in Pancreas

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11
Q

Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates into maltose and where is it made?

A

Carbohydrase- Amylase made in pancreas and salivary glands

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12
Q

Which enzyme breaks down maltose into glucose and where is it made?

A

Carbohydrase - Maltase made in Pancreas

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13
Q

Which enzyme breaks down Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol and where is it made?

A

Lipase made in Pancreas, secreted into the small intestine.
Bile (not an enzyme) emulsifies lipids made in liver.

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14
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

To neutralise stomach acid (optimum pH for enzymes)
To emulsify lipids (increase surface area for digestion)

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15
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for diffusion?

A

Large Surface Area - Folds in walls, many villi and microvilli.
Short diffusion distance - Villi walls are once cell thick, each villus has its own set of capillaries.
High concentration gradient - Capillary network and lacteals removing absorbed molecules.

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16
Q

Why doesn’t amylase work in the stomach?

A

The enzyme is denatured as the stomach acid is too acidic, not the right pH.

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17
Q

Why might someone with Anaemia feel tired?

A

Lack of iron, less haemoglobin made, less oxygen carried, less aerobic respiration, less energy

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18
Q

What is the purpose of digestion?

A

To break down large ,insoluble molecules into into smaller ,soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream.

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19
Q

What can we do to improve limitations of the Energy Content in a food sample practical?

A

Incomplete burning of the food sample - Relight it until it no longer lights up
Heat energy is lost to the surroundings - Whilst heat lost means that the energy calculation is not very accurate, so long as the procedure is carried out in exactly the same way each time (with the same distance between food sample and boiling tube), we can still compare the results

20
Q

Describe the Energy content in a food sample practical.

A

Use the measuring cylinder to measure out 25cm3 of water and pour it into the boiling tube
Record the starting temperature of the water using the thermometer
Weigh the initial mass of the food sample
Set fire to the sample of food using the bunsen burner and hold the sample 2cm from the boiling tube until it has completely burned and won’t ignite.
Record the final temperature of the water and calculate temperature change.
Repeat the process with different food samples
e.g. popcorn, nuts, crisps

21
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A

Large Surface Area - Many microvilli
Short diffusion distance - Villi’s walls are one cell thick.
Steep Concentration Gradient - The villi are well supplied with a network of blood capillaries that transport glucose and amino acids away from the small intestine in the blood
A lacteal runs through the centre of the villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine.

22
Q

In which part of the small intestine are digested food molecules absorbed?

23
Q

In which part of the small intestine does chemical digestion occur?

24
Q

Which enzymes are made in the pancreas?

A

Trypsin, lipase, maltase and amylase

25
Q

What is iron used for?

A

Forms part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

26
Q

What is the deficiency disease for iron?

27
Q

What is calcium used for?

A

Needed to form bones and teeth

28
Q

What is the deficiency disease for calcium?

A

Rickets (weak bones)

29
Q

What is vitamin A used for?

A

Making a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye

30
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin A?

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

31
Q

What is vitamin C used for?

A

Needed for cells and tissue to stick together

32
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin C?

33
Q

What is vitamin D used for?

A

Needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food

34
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin D?

A

Rickets, caused by weak bones (lack of calcium)

35
Q

Source of carbohydrate

A

Bread, potatoes

36
Q

Source of protein

A

Meat, eggs

37
Q

Source of lipids

A

Butter, cooking oil

38
Q

Source of iron

A

Red meat, spinach

39
Q

Source of calcium

A

Milk, cheese

40
Q

Source of vitamin A

A

Fish liver oil, carrots

41
Q

Source of vitamin C

A

fruit, vegetables

42
Q

Source of vitamin D

A

milk, oily fish

43
Q

Where is bile made, stored and used?

A

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and used in small intestine

44
Q

What process allows food to move through the gut?

A

Peristalsis

45
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Muscles push food through the alimentary canal.
Circular and longitudinal muscles contract and relax.