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PL2022: Introductory Physiology II > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the testes?

A

Fibrous tissue divided into 250 columns

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2
Q

What does each lobule in the testes contain?

A

1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules (manufacture sperm)

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3
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

In interstitial cells / Leydig cells

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4
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Secretions activate sperm
e.g. spermine

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5
Q

What is a test for prostate cancer?

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen
High blood levels of enzymes in prostate cancer

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6
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete nutrients and enzymes into ejaculate and increase sperm mobility

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7
Q

What is the percentage of nutrients and enzymes in semen?

A

60%

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8
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm in seminiferous tubules regulated by sex hormones

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9
Q

What is the function of the blood-testes barrier?

A

Prevent immune system from killing sperm cells

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10
Q

What is a Spermatid?

A

A spermocyte that contains DNA but is not motile due to lack of a tail

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11
Q

What is Spermiogenesis?

A

Formation of a tail on a spermatid

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12
Q

What is the Acrosome?

A
  • Around the head of a sperm cell
  • Has enzymes that allow it to enter a female egg
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13
Q

How long does it take for spermatogenesis to occur and at what temperature?

A

64-72 days at 32°C

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14
Q

What are the TWO hormones made during Spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone and Inhibin

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates Sertoli Cells?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)

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16
Q

What do Sertoli cells release?

A
  • Androgen Binding Protein (stimulates spermatogenesis)
  • Inhibin (inhibits FSH release)
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17
Q

What is the function of Lutenising Hormone?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells
(release testosterone)

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18
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A
  • Stimulates spermatogenesis
  • Inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRh
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19
Q

What hormone provides SECONDARY sex characteristics such as hair growth?

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

How many eggs do females have at birth, during puberty and reproductive years respectively?

A
  • Birth: 2million
  • Puberty: 400,000
  • Reproductive years: 400 oocytes ovulated
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21
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Immature egg surrounded by follicle cells

22
Q

What are the TWO phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
23
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Ovary wall ruptures and follicle is released

24
Q

What is the name of the clotted blood the ruptured follicle fills with?

A

Corpus luteum

25
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone & Oestrogen

26
Q

How does the corpus luteum know if fertilisation has occured or not?

A

Through the bloodstream, if chemicals are secreted or not

27
Q

What is the protein produced by fat cells?

A

Leptin

28
Q

Why is the level of leptin important?

A

If blood leptin is low then puberty is delayed

29
Q

What hormone does LH stimulate in the female reproductive system?

A

Oestrogen

30
Q

What inhibits FSH and LH and where are they produced?

A

Progesterone and Oestrogen produced by the corpus luteum

31
Q

What structures transfer the ovum to the womb/uterus?

A

Fallopian Tubes

32
Q

Describe the structure of the Uterus

A

Hollow, thick walled muscle that supports the developing ovum

33
Q

What is the surface smooth muscle of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium
Makes placenta and gets bigger during pregnancy

34
Q

What is the underlying smooth muscle of the uterus called?

A

Myometrium

35
Q

What hormones maintain the endometrium with blood supply?

A

Oestrogen & Progesterone

36
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A
  • Endometrium is shed
  • Oestrogen and progesterone are low
37
Q

What happens during proliferation?

A
  • Endometrium begins rebuilding
  • Growing follicles
  • Oestrogen produced
  • Endometrial progesterone receptors appear
38
Q

What happens on day 14 of the uterine / menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

39
Q

What is the last phase of the uterine / mentrual cycle?

A

Secretory phase

40
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilised?

A
  • Corpus luteum degenerates
  • Progesterone decreases
  • Endometrium breaks down
41
Q

What happens to the arteries if no fertilisation occurs?

A
  • They constrict due to lack of O2 and nutrients reaching the endometrium
  • Arteries then relax, blood surges into the weakened capillaries and they break apart
42
Q

What is the hormone produced during pregnancy that tells the endometrium to stay?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(HCG)

43
Q

What do pregancy tests detect in the urine?

A

Antibodies to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

44
Q

What are the THREE occuring oestrogens?

A
  1. 17β-Oestradiol (active)
  2. Oestrone
  3. Oestriol
45
Q

How are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

60% bound to albumin and 38% bound to Gonadal Steroid Binding Globulin (GBG)

46
Q

What are the effects of steroid hormones in females?

A

Induces and maintain female secondary sex characteristics

47
Q

What produces progesterone and how is it transported in the blood?

A

From corpus luteum
80% bound to albumin and 18% bound to GBG

48
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A
  • Responsible for changes in the endometrium
  • Most effects exhibited during pregnancy
49
Q

What is Menopause?

A

Ovarian function declines from late 20s and ovulation ceases in late 40s / early 50s

50
Q

What happens when oestrogen is lost?

A
  • Atrophy of sex organs
  • Depression
  • Vasodilation of blood vessels
  • Thining of skin
  • Loss of bone mass
  • Increase in blood cholesterol
51
Q

What is the Dormitory Effect?

A

Olfactory system sending activity to hypothalamus in response to pheromones

Humans don’t release pheromones

PL2022: Introductory Physiology II (6 decks)

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