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PL2022: Introductory Physiology II > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive tract?

A
  • Transport
  • Digest intake
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Excretion
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2
Q

What is the general structure of the digestive tract?

A
  • Mucosa (inner lining)
  • Submucosa (Meissner’s Plexus)
  • Muscle (Auerbach/Myenteric Plexus)
  • Serosa
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3
Q

What is the Meissner’s Plexus made up of?

A

Blood vessels
Glands
Nerve tissue

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4
Q

What is the nerve layer in the muscle of the digestive tract?

A

Auerbach/Myenteric Plexus

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5
Q

What is the type of nervous system in the digestive tract?

A

Enteric nervous system

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6
Q

What are the THREE phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral (voluntary)
  2. Pharyngeal (reflex)
  3. Oesophageal (reflex)
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7
Q

How long is the oesophagus and what type of cells does it have?

A

25cm long with squamous cells

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8
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Wave of muscle contraction

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9
Q

What are the top, middle and bottom parts of the stomach?

A

Top: Fundus
Middle: Body
Bottom: Antrum

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10
Q

What are the FIVE cell types in the stomach?

A
  1. Goblet
  2. Parietal
  3. ECL
  4. Chief cells
  5. Hormone secreting
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11
Q

Name the Gastric Acid Secretagogues

A
  • Histamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Gastrin
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12
Q

How long is the small intestine and what are the THREE parts of it?

A

5m long
Duodenum (12in)
Jejunum
Ileum

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13
Q

What is the structure of the mucosa in the small intestine?

A

Folded in microvilli

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14
Q

What are interstitial cells of Cajal?

A

Pacemaker cells that moves chyme towards the colon in peristalsis

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15
Q

Where is bile stored and where does it empty into?

A

Stored in the gallbladder
Emptied into the duodenum

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16
Q

Are digestion and absorption regulated?

A

No
Motility and secretions are by hormones and neural mechanisms

17
Q

Name some glands in intestinal mucosa?

A
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Endocrine
18
Q

What does Meissner’s Plexus control?

A

Secretion

19
Q

What does Auerbach/Myenteric Plexus control?

A

Muscle layers

20
Q

What does Parasympathetic nerves do to digestive activity?

A

Increases digestive activity

21
Q

What are the THREE phases in the regulation of gastric function (acid secretion)?

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
22
Q

What stimulates the CEPHALIC phase release?

A

Sight
Smell
Food taste
Reflex

23
Q

How is the CEPHALIC phase mediated?

A

By vagus stimulating parietal cells

24
Q

What stimulates GASTRIC phase release?

A

Distension of stomach
Presence of food

25
Q

How does GASTRIC release phase regulate itself?

A

Self regulation by negative feedback

26
Q

What stimulates INTESTINAL phase inhibition?

A

Chyme in duodenum

27
Q

What does the inhibition of gastric acid release?

A

Secretin

28
Q

Name TWO proteins that inhibit parietal cells

A
  1. CCK
  2. GIP
29
Q

How are intestinal functions regulated?

A

Neural regulation by enteric nervous system

30
Q

What are the THREE reflexes linked with intestine function regulation?

A
  1. Gastroileal
  2. Illeogastric
  3. Intestino-intestinal
31
Q

What proteins increase pancreatic and liver bile secretions?

A

CCK and Secretin

32
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Mouth

33
Q

What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

Digests carbohydrates in duodenum

34
Q

Name some intestinal enzymes

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

35
Q

What are the only digestible sugars?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

36
Q

What is the function of pepsin in the stomach?

A

Convert proteins into short chain amino acids for absorption

37
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Emulsify droplets of triglycerides

38
Q

Where do enzymes from the pancreas attach to bile?

A

To the head of bile which is fat soluble

PL2022: Introductory Physiology II (6 decks)

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