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PL2022: Introductory Physiology II > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How many recognised human hormones are there?

A

~80

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2
Q

Name some endocrine organs

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Thyroid
  5. Adrenals
  6. Pancreas
  7. Ovaries
  8. Testes
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3
Q

What is Neuroadrenaline?

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone

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4
Q

Can proteins diffuse through lipid membranes?

A

No, they are water soluble and fat insoluble

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5
Q

Are sex and adrenal hormones proteins?

A

No because they are fat soluble

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6
Q

Why are sex hormones fat soluble?

A

Because they are steroids, which come from cholesterol

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7
Q

What hormone alters DNA?

A

Testosterone because it is fat soluble

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8
Q

What are the TWO adrenoreceptors adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to?

A
  • α on vascular smooth muscle
  • β on throat smooth muscle
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9
Q

What is the second messenger inside the cell that water soluble hormones exert effect?

A

G-proteins

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10
Q

What does hormone binding lead to?

A

Opening/closing of ion channels and activation/inhibition of enzymes

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11
Q

How can signals be sent to control secretions of hormones?

A
  • Humoral (pH, minerals)
  • Neural
  • Hormonal
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12
Q

What is synergy?

A

When two or more hormones have the same effect on an organ

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13
Q

What is Antagonism?

A

When one hormone opposes the effect of the 2nd hormone

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14
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

What is the pituitary gland structure?

A

Two lobes connected to the hypothalamus via a stalk (infundibulum)

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16
Q

What is special about the hypothalamus in terms of circulating blood?

A

It is the only part of the brain that can “taste” the ciculating blood as it doesn’t have a blood-brain barrier

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17
Q

What happens in the POSTERIOR pituitary lobe?

A
  • Neurohypophysis - neuro tissue
  • Can’t make hormones
  • Stores hormones made by hypothalamus and secrete neurohormones
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18
Q

What happens in the ANTERIOR pituitary lobe?

A
  • Adrenopophysis - glandular tissue
  • Manufactures and releases many hormones
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19
Q

How is the POSTERIOR pituitary lobe controlled?

A

Via neuroendocrine messages from the hypothalamus (communicates via nerves)

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20
Q

How is the ANTERIOR pituitary lobe controlled?

A

Through blood vessels via hypothalamo-hypophysal portal system
e.g. GnRh

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21
Q

What is GnRh?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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22
Q

What are Gonadotropins?

A

Hormones that release sex hormones (FSH and LH)

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23
Q

What are Tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that induces the release of other hormones
(TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH)

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24
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of breast milk?

A

Prolactin

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25
Q

What is the main target of growth hormones?

A

Bones and muscles

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26
Q

What are the TWO hypothalamic hormones involved in GH regulation?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
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27
Q

What are the TWO main posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH
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28
Q

What is the first effect of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates uterus contraction during childbirth, stretching the uterine wall

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29
Q

What is the second effect of oxytocin?

A

Secretion of breast milk via positive feedback

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30
Q

What are the receptors for ADH in the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors

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31
Q

What stimulates ADH release?

A
  • Pain
  • Low blood pressure
  • High osmolarity
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32
Q

What inhibits ADH?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Diuretic drugs
  • Low osmolarity
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33
Q

What is the major metabolic hormone and where is it produced?

A

Thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland

34
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

Made up of follicles, capillaries, tissue and circles - no ducts!

35
Q

What are thyroid hormones inside the gland called?

A

Colloid

36
Q

What causes thyroid dysfunction?

A

Missing TH, TSH or Iodine

37
Q

What are TWO iodine containing compounds?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Tridothyronine (T3)

38
Q

What is the iodine compound released by the thyroid?

A

T4 is released and is converted to T3 (active form) at tissue membrane

39
Q

What tissues do NOT need Thyroxine?

A
  • Adult brain
  • Testes
  • Uterus
  • Thyroid
40
Q

Name a hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glucose?

A

Thyroxine

41
Q

How is Thyroxine transported in the blood?

A

Via thyroxine binding globulins (TBGs) made in the liver

42
Q

How is Thyroxine transported in the blood?

A

Via thyroxine binding globulins (TBGs) made in the liver

43
Q

What stimulates the release of thyroid hormones?

A

Most conditions where extra energy is needed

44
Q

What is Myoxedema?

A
  • Disease due to underactive thyroid
  • Iodine is not present therefore TSH keeps being produced as TH can’t be produced without iodine
45
Q

What are the symptoms of Myoxedema?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Feeling cold
  • Constipation
  • Lethargy
  • Decrease in metabolic rate
46
Q

How can Myoxedema be treated?

A

With iodine salts

47
Q

How can Myoxedema be treated?

A

With iodine salts

48
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

A

Disease due to overactive thyroid

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Grave’s Disease?

A
  • Increase in metabolic rate
  • Weight loss
  • Sweating
  • Protrusion of eyeballs
50
Q

How can Grave’s Disease be treated?

A

Surgery

51
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Lowers blood calcium by increasing uptake of Ca2+ into bone and decrease release of Ca2+ from bone

52
Q

Is Calcitonin controlled by either the hypothalamus or pituitary?

A

No

53
Q

What is Hydroxyapetite?

A

Calcium + phosphate in bone
(important during childhood)

54
Q

What are Parathyroids?

A

Tiny organelles on surface of thyroid

55
Q

How many parathyroids are usually present?

A

4

56
Q

What cells do parathyroids contain and what hormone do they secrete?

A
  • Contain chief cells
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone
57
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Controls Ca2+ levels in the body
e.g. secreted to increase calcium levels

58
Q

How does PTH increase the concentration of calcium in the blood?

A
  • Via action on bones from matrix
  • Retains more calcium by increasing its absorption in the kidneys and in the intestine
59
Q

How does PTH get calcium from the bones?

A

Uses acid to break the bond between phosphate and calcium

60
Q

What vitamin is vital for the absorption of calcium?

A

Vitamin D

61
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Rare
  • Due to tumours
  • Loses Ca2+ from bones
62
Q

What does the increase in loss of calcium cause?

A

Nervous system dysfunction and kidney stones

63
Q

What is the type of hormone released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Steroid hormones: corticosteroids

64
Q

Name the THREE groups of corticoids

A
  • Mineral corticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
65
Q

What is the most important mineral corticoids and what does it do?

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Maintains Na+ levels in ECF in nephrons
66
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A

Increas in K+ concentration or decrease in blood volume or Na+ concentration

67
Q

What are the FOUR regulatory mechanisms of aldosterone?

A
  1. Renin angiotensin system
  2. Plasma Na+ and K+ concentration
  3. ACTH (stress)
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
68
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid in humans?

A

Cortisol released by ACTH and stress

69
Q

What does hypersecretion of cortisol lead to?

A
  • Decrease in blood formation and immune response
  • Inhibits inflammation e.g. Cushing’s
70
Q

What are Gonadocorticoids?

A

Weak sex hormones converted into testosterone or oestrogen

71
Q

What nerves innervate the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic nerves

72
Q

What are the cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromafin cells
(80% adrenaline and 20% noradrenaline)

73
Q

What are the cells of the endocrine tissues of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

74
Q

What are the cells of the endocrine tissues of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

75
Q

What are the TWO types of cells in the Islets of Langerhan and what do they produce?

A
  1. Alpha cells - produce glucagon
  2. Beta cells - produce insulin
76
Q

What controls the pancreas?

A

Blood glucose

77
Q

What controls the pancreas?

A

Blood glucose

78
Q

What tissues do not need insulin to take up glucose?

A
  • Brain
  • Liver
  • Kidney
79
Q

How does insulin affect protein and fat metabolism?

A

By inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

80
Q

What happens to insulin release if amino acid and fatty acid in blood increases?

A

More insulin is released

81
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Type I diabetes
* insulin dependent
* due to increase of insulin secretion

82
Q

What is the problem with using fats as an energy source?

A

It produces ketones which drops the blood pH level and can lead to ketoacidosis

PL2022: Introductory Physiology II (6 decks)

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