Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PL2022: Introductory Physiology II > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How many recognised human hormones are there?

A

~80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some endocrine organs

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Thyroid
  5. Adrenals
  6. Pancreas
  7. Ovaries
  8. Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Neuroadrenaline?

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can proteins diffuse through lipid membranes?

A

No, they are water soluble and fat insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are sex and adrenal hormones proteins?

A

No because they are fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are sex hormones fat soluble?

A

Because they are steroids, which come from cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone alters DNA?

A

Testosterone because it is fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the TWO adrenoreceptors adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to?

A
  • α on vascular smooth muscle
  • β on throat smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second messenger inside the cell that water soluble hormones exert effect?

A

G-proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does hormone binding lead to?

A

Opening/closing of ion channels and activation/inhibition of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can signals be sent to control secretions of hormones?

A
  • Humoral (pH, minerals)
  • Neural
  • Hormonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is synergy?

A

When two or more hormones have the same effect on an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Antagonism?

A

When one hormone opposes the effect of the 2nd hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pituitary gland structure?

A

Two lobes connected to the hypothalamus via a stalk (infundibulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is special about the hypothalamus in terms of circulating blood?

A

It is the only part of the brain that can “taste” the ciculating blood as it doesn’t have a blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in the POSTERIOR pituitary lobe?

A
  • Neurohypophysis - neuro tissue
  • Can’t make hormones
  • Stores hormones made by hypothalamus and secrete neurohormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in the ANTERIOR pituitary lobe?

A
  • Adrenopophysis - glandular tissue
  • Manufactures and releases many hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the POSTERIOR pituitary lobe controlled?

A

Via neuroendocrine messages from the hypothalamus (communicates via nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the ANTERIOR pituitary lobe controlled?

A

Through blood vessels via hypothalamo-hypophysal portal system
e.g. GnRh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is GnRh?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Gonadotropins?

A

Hormones that release sex hormones (FSH and LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that induces the release of other hormones
(TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of breast milk?

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the main target of growth hormones?
Bones and muscles
26
What are the TWO hypothalamic hormones involved in GH regulation?
1. Growth hormone **releasing** hormone 2. Growth hormone **inhibiting** hormone
27
What are the TWO main posterior pituitary hormones?
1. Oxytocin 2. ADH
28
What is the first effect of oxytocin?
Stimulates uterus contraction during childbirth, stretching the uterine wall
29
What is the second effect of oxytocin?
Secretion of breast milk via positive feedback
30
What are the receptors for ADH in the hypothalamus?
Osmoreceptors
31
What stimulates ADH release?
* Pain * Low blood pressure * High osmolarity
32
What inhibits ADH?
* Alcohol * Diuretic drugs * Low osmolarity
33
What is the major metabolic hormone and where is it produced?
Thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland
34
What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
Made up of follicles, capillaries, tissue and circles - no ducts!
35
What are thyroid hormones inside the gland called?
Colloid
36
What causes thyroid dysfunction?
Missing TH, TSH or Iodine
37
What are TWO iodine containing compounds?
Thyroxine (T4) and Tridothyronine (T3)
38
What is the iodine compound released by the thyroid?
T4 is released and is converted to T3 (active form) at tissue membrane
39
What tissues do NOT need Thyroxine?
* Adult brain * Testes * Uterus * Thyroid
40
Name a hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glucose?
Thyroxine
41
How is Thyroxine transported in the blood?
Via thyroxine binding globulins (TBGs) made in the liver
42
How is Thyroxine transported in the blood?
Via thyroxine binding globulins (TBGs) made in the liver
43
What stimulates the release of thyroid hormones?
Most conditions where extra energy is needed
44
What is Myoxedema?
* Disease due to **underactive thyroid** * **Iodine is not present** therefore TSH keeps being produced as TH can't be produced without iodine
45
What are the symptoms of Myoxedema?
* Weight gain * Feeling cold * Constipation * Lethargy * Decrease in metabolic rate
46
How can Myoxedema be treated?
With iodine salts
47
How can Myoxedema be treated?
With iodine salts
48
What is Grave's Disease?
Disease due to overactive thyroid
49
What are the symptoms of Grave's Disease?
* Increase in metabolic rate * Weight loss * Sweating * Protrusion of eyeballs
50
How can Grave's Disease be treated?
Surgery
51
What is the function of Calcitonin?
Lowers blood calcium by increasing uptake of Ca2+ into bone and decrease release of Ca2+ from bone
52
Is Calcitonin controlled by either the hypothalamus or pituitary?
No
53
What is Hydroxyapetite?
Calcium + phosphate in bone (important during childhood)
54
What are Parathyroids?
Tiny organelles on surface of thyroid
55
How many parathyroids are usually present?
4
56
What cells do parathyroids contain and what hormone do they secrete?
* Contain chief cells * Secrete parathyroid hormone
57
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
Controls Ca2+ levels in the body e.g. secreted to increase calcium levels
58
How does PTH increase the concentration of calcium in the blood?
* Via **action on bones from matrix** * Retains more calcium by **increasing its absorption in the kidneys and in the intestine**
59
How does PTH get calcium from the bones?
Uses acid to break the bond between phosphate and calcium
60
What vitamin is vital for the absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D
61
What is Hyperparathyroidism?
* Rare * Due to tumours * Loses Ca2+ from bones
62
What does the increase in loss of calcium cause?
Nervous system dysfunction and kidney stones
63
What is the type of hormone released by the adrenal cortex?
Steroid hormones: corticosteroids
64
Name the THREE groups of corticoids
* Mineral corticoids * Glucocorticoids * Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
65
What is the most important mineral corticoids and what does it do?
* Aldosterone * Maintains Na+ levels in ECF in nephrons
66
What stimulates the release of aldosterone?
Increas in K+ concentration or decrease in blood volume or Na+ concentration
67
What are the FOUR regulatory mechanisms of aldosterone?
1. Renin angiotensin system 2. Plasma Na+ and K+ concentration 3. ACTH (stress) 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
68
What is the main glucocorticoid in humans?
Cortisol released by ACTH and stress
69
What does hypersecretion of cortisol lead to?
* Decrease in blood formation and immune response * Inhibits inflammation e.g. Cushing's
70
What are Gonadocorticoids?
Weak sex hormones converted into testosterone or oestrogen
71
What nerves innervate the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic nerves
72
What are the cells in the adrenal medulla?
Chromafin cells (80% adrenaline and 20% noradrenaline)
73
What are the cells of the endocrine tissues of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
74
What are the cells of the endocrine tissues of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
75
What are the TWO types of cells in the Islets of Langerhan and what do they produce?
1. Alpha cells - produce glucagon 2. Beta cells - produce insulin
76
What controls the pancreas?
Blood glucose
77
What controls the pancreas?
Blood glucose
78
What tissues do not need insulin to take up glucose?
* Brain * Liver * Kidney
79
How does insulin affect protein and fat metabolism?
By inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
80
What happens to insulin release if amino acid and fatty acid in blood increases?
More insulin is released
81
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Type I diabetes * insulin dependent * due to increase of insulin secretion
82
What is the problem with using fats as an energy source?
It produces ketones which drops the blood pH level and can lead to ketoacidosis

PL2022: Introductory Physiology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions