Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the TWO functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation and regulation

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2
Q

What are the THREE parts of transportation?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Nutritive
  • Excretory
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3
Q

What is the excretory part of the transportation doing?

A

Cardiovascular system carry metabolism wastes to kidneys to be excreted

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4
Q

What are the FOUR parts of the Regulation?

A
  • Hormonal
  • Temperature
  • Protection
  • Immune
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5
Q

What part of the heart supplies the Pulmonary circuit?

A

Right hand side

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6
Q

What part of the heart supplies the Systemic circuit?

A

Left hand side

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7
Q

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated when it enters the lungs?

A

Deoxygenated

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8
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

4

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9
Q

What are the chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria (top) & Ventricles (bottom)

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10
Q

What ventricle delivers blood to the tissues?

A

Left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the functions of the valves?

A

To allow unidirectional blood flow and to avoid back flow

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12
Q

What is the name of the valve between the RIGHT atrium and RIGHT ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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13
Q

What is the name of the valve between the LEFT atrium and LEFT ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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14
Q

What generates heart pumping action?

A

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation

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15
Q

Do atria and ventricles contract as a unit respectively?

A

Yes.
Atria contract as a unit
Ventricles contract as a unit

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16
Q

What drives blood flow?

A

Pressure gradient

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17
Q

What comes first, atrial or ventricular contraction?

A

Atrial

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18
Q

What type of tissue is the Atrioventricular valve made of?

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

Where are the Semilunar valves located?

A

At the origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery

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20
Q

What are the TWO proteins arranged in sarcomeres in cardiac muscle?

A

Actin & Myosin

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21
Q

How do the proteins in cardiac muscle contract?

A

Via sliding filaments

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22
Q

What joins myocardial cells?

A

Intercalated discs which contain gap junctions

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23
Q

What are Gap Junctions?

A

Fluid filled channels that allow action potentials to spread rapidly

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24
Q

What is used to initiate contraction in myocardial cells?

A

Extracellular Ca2+

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25
Q

What nerves innervate skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic motor nerves

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26
Q

What generates action potentials?

A

Depolarisation of the cell

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27
Q

Where are Autorhythmic / Pacemaker cells located?

A

In the sinoatrial node
(in right atrium near vena cava opening)

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28
Q

What are HCN channels?

A

Leaky channels that allow spontaneously slow flowing of Na+ and Ca2+ ions

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29
Q

What is the change in membrane potential caused by HCN?

A

From -60mV to -50mV

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30
Q

When does threshold occur in myocardial autorhythmic cells?

A

When membrane reaches -50mV

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31
Q

At what voltage do K+ channels open for depolarisation?

A

At -20mV

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32
Q

When does myocardial contractile cell relaxation occur?

A

During repolarisation when Ca2+ is transported out of the cell

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33
Q

What activates the cross bridge cycle (muscle contraction)?

A

Binding of Ca2+ to Troponin

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34
Q

How fast are action potentials in skeletal muscles?

A

20msec

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35
Q

How fast are action potentials in myocardial cells?

A

250msec

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36
Q

Are myocardial cells refractory during almost their entire contraction?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Which node sets the rate of depolarisation of the contractile myocardial cells?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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38
Q

Which node sets the rate of contraction?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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39
Q

Which node determines the heart rate?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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40
Q

Why can’t action potentials spread directly from the atria to the ventricles?

A

Due to fibrous layer separating both regions

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41
Q

How are action potentials passed from the atria to the ventricles?

A
  • Electrical impulse spreads through atria and reaches AV node
  • Passes onto the Bundle of His
  • Passes down interventricular septum
  • Joins with Purkinje Fibres which conducts activity into ventricles
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42
Q

What causes atrial and ventricular contraction to occur sequentially?

A

Delay in conduction at AV node

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43
Q

What triggers contraction in myocardial contractile cells?

A

Increase in intracellular Ca2+

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44
Q

What do electrocardiograms measure?

A

Movement of electrical activity around the heart

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45
Q

What are the THREE waves during a cardiac cycle?

A
  1. P wave - atrial depolarisation
  2. QRS wave - ventricular depolarisation
  3. T wave - ventricular repolarisation
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46
Q

What is Systole?

A

Contraction phase

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47
Q

What is Diastole?

A

Relaxation phase

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48
Q

What do systole and diastole alone refer to?

A

Ventricular contraction and relaxation

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49
Q

What vein fills the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary vein

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50
Q

What vein fills the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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51
Q

Does blood volume change during isovolumetric contraction phase?

A

No

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52
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Two thirds of blood volume that ventricles contain are ejected into aorta/pulmonary artery

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53
Q

What happens to the heart valves in isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Both atrioventricular and semilunar valves are closed

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54
Q

How long does diastole last?

A

0.5 sec

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55
Q

How long does systole last?

A

0.3 sec

56
Q

How long does a heartbeat last?

A

0.8 sec

57
Q

What causes the “lub-dub” sound of the heartbeat?

A

Blood turbulence caused by closure of AV and semilunar valves

58
Q

What is the end diastolic volume in ml?

A

135ml

59
Q

What is the end systolic volume in ml?

A

60ml

60
Q

What is the stroke volume in ml?

A

75ml

61
Q

What is cardiac output at rest?

A

5.5 L/min

62
Q

What are the neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic division?

A

Noradrenaline which binds to the adrenergic receptors

63
Q

What are the neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic division?

A

Noradrenaline which binds to the adrenergic receptors

64
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic division?

A

Acetylcholine which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on SA node cells

65
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves orginate?

A

In the medulla

66
Q

What does noradrenaline stimulate?

A

Opening of Na+ and Ca2+ (HCN) channels in pacemaker cells of the SA node

67
Q

What does acetylcholine promote?

A

The opening of K+ channels which hyperpolarises and inhibits HCN channels

68
Q

How does hyperpolarisation affect heart rate?

A

Reduces heart rate

69
Q

What allows the heart rate to go up during exercise?

A

Reduction in vagus nerve activity (parasympathetic)

70
Q

How are stroke volume, contractility and EDV related to each other?

A

Proportional to each other

71
Q

What is the relationship between stroke volume, contractility and EDV known as?

A

Frank-Starling Law

72
Q

What is the Inotropic Effect caused by?

A

Noradrenaline binding, which causes increase in intracellular Ca2+ and contraction strength

73
Q

What are the THREE “tunics” of the blood vessel walls?

A
  1. Tunica externa (connective tissue)
  2. Tunica media (smooth muscle)
  3. Tunica intima (layer of elastin and simple squamous endothelium)
74
Q

What does microcirculation refer to?

A

Capillaries, arterioles and venules

75
Q

Name some ELASTIC arteries

A
  • Aorta
  • Other large arteries
76
Q

Name a MUSCULAR artery

A

Arterioles (smooth muscle)

77
Q

What is the diameter of capillaries?

A

5-10 µm

78
Q

What do both arteries and veins contain in their walls?

A

Smooth muscle and elastin

79
Q

Which system contains the most of the blood in the circulatory system?

A

The venous system

80
Q

What is the ratio of actin to myosin in smooth muscle?

A

16 actin to 1 myosin

81
Q

What are Capacitance Vessels?

A

Blood reservoirs

82
Q

What determines the strength of contraction in smooth muscle?

A

Degree of opening of Ca2+ channels

83
Q

Is Troponin C expressed in smooth muscle cells?

A

No.
Instead, Ca2+ bind with Calmodulin

84
Q

What type of muscle does Troponin C trigger contraction in?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscles

85
Q

What happens after the activation of Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)?

A

The myosin head is phosphorylated

86
Q

What is the difference between the contraction duration of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

A

Smooth muscle contraction is 5x longer

87
Q

What enzyme pumps Ca2+ OUT of the cell during muscle relaxation?

A

Ca2+ ATPase

88
Q

What is the “Latch State”?

A

When dephosphorylated myosin remains attached to actin for a period of time

89
Q

How are single-unit smooth mucles interconnected?

A

By gap junctions

90
Q

What are the features of multi-unit smooth muscle cells?

A
  • They don’t have gap junctions
  • Contract individually
  • Found in airways and arteries
91
Q

What are multi-unit smooth muscle cells?

A
  • They don’t have gap junctions
  • Contract individually
  • Found in airways and arteries
92
Q

What are the TWO reasons for resistance to blood flow?

A
  1. Friction between blood and walls of blood vessels
  2. Friction from blood cells rubbing against each other
93
Q

What is the relationship between the rate of blood flow and resistance?

A

They are proportional to each other

94
Q

What are the THREE main regulators of blood flow?

A
  1. Mean arterial pressure
  2. Blood vessel diameter
  3. Blood viscosity
95
Q

What happens to arterial walls during ventricular diastole (relaxation)?

A

Arterial walls recoil, pushing the blood forward into arterioles

96
Q

What is normal systolic blood pressure?

A

120mmHg

97
Q

What is normal diastolic blood pressure?

A

80mmHg

98
Q

Which is longer, diastole or systole?

A

Diastole
(twice as long)

99
Q

Is mean arterial pressure (MAP) closer to diastolic pressure or systolic pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure

100
Q

Is mean arterial pressure (MAP) closer to diastolic pressure or systolic pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure

101
Q

What creates a pulse of systolic pressure?

A

Left ventricular contraction as blood is ejected into the arteries

102
Q

How can pulse pressure be detected?

A

By palpitation of the radial artery

103
Q

How can pulse pressure be detected?

A

By palpitation of the radial artery

104
Q

What is the calculation for pulse pressure?

A

Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure

105
Q

What determines MAP?

A

Volume of blood in arterial system

106
Q

What determines the rate of blood flow into the aorta?

A

Cardiac output

107
Q

What determines the rate of blood flow outside the arteries?

A

Peripheral resistance in the arterioles

108
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A

Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

109
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

110
Q

What are Baroreceptors?

A

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors located in the walls of the carotid artery and the aortic arch, which detect changes in blood pressure

111
Q

How do Baroreceptors regulate blood pressure?

A

Activate sensory nerves that return to cardiovascular centre which modulates the ANS to regulate blood pressure by altering HR, SV, and TPR

112
Q

What nerves innervates vascular smooth muscle?

A

Sympathetic nerves

113
Q

What nerves are stimulated to counteract a reduction in blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic nerves

114
Q

What is the role of the kidneys to counteract an elevation in blood pressure?

A

They excrete more water as urine

115
Q

What is Orthostatic Hypotension, and what corrects it?

A

A drop in arterial pressure and baroreceptor reflex corrects it

116
Q

What is venous pooling?

A

When standing up too fast causes large veins to pool blood around the heart

117
Q

Name an organ that plays a major role in blood volume regulation

A

Kidneys

118
Q

Where is blood plasma filtered in the kidneys?

A

Glomeruli

119
Q

How much urine is excreted daily in litres?

A

1.5 L

120
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

Chronically elevated blood pressure

121
Q

What causes Essential Hypertension?

A

Caused by diets and genetics
(95% of cases)

122
Q

What causes Secondary Hypertension?

A

Results from chronic renal disease

123
Q

What are the effects of hypertension on the body?

A

Long-term damage to the heart and kidneys

124
Q

How are atherosclerotic plaques formed?

A

By damage to endothelial lining on blood vessels due to high pressure

125
Q

What can be fatal within minutes, hypertension or hypotension?

A

Hypotension

126
Q

How close are cells to capillaries?

A

Within 0.1mm

127
Q

What is Filtration in terms of capillary exchange?

A

Flow of plasma out of capillaries into tissues

128
Q

What is Absorption in terms of capillary exchange?

A

Flow of interstitial fluid into capillaries

129
Q

What drives Filtration and where does it occur?

A

Hydrostatic pressure drives filtration at the arterial ends of capillaries

130
Q

What is Colloid Osmotic/Oncotic Pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins

131
Q

What creates osmotic pressure?

A

Plasma proteins which can’t pass through capillary walls

132
Q

What promotes absorption and where does it usually occur in capillaries?

A

Colloid omostic pressure promotes absorption at the venous end of capillaries (pressure fall)

133
Q

What is the net colloid osmotic pressure?

A

25mmHg

134
Q

What are Starling Forces?

A

Opposing hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

135
Q

What is Oedema?

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue