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HPP 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

primary sex organs

A

produce gametes = gonads
testes and ovaries
essential

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4
Q

secondary sex organs

A

ducts gland and penis
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
essential

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5
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

not essential for reproduction but increase probability of sexual reproduction
beard; hair growth

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6
Q

Most cells have how many pairs of chromosomes? How many pairs are sex chromosomes

A

23 pairs total
1 pair

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7
Q

Who is responsible for determining the sex of the child?

A

Male

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8
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

androgen receptors not responsive to testosterone/androgens

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9
Q

Which hormone is the basis for pregnancy tests?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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10
Q

At less than 5 weeks a fetus is?

A

sexually undifferentiated

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11
Q

At 5-6 weeks, what develops near the fetus’ kidney?

A

gonadal ridges

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12
Q

If a fetus has a functioning HCG receptor they will become?

A

male

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13
Q

Sperm pathway

A
  1. testis
  2. epididymis
  3. vas deferents
  4. seminal vesicle
  5. prostate gland
  6. bulbourethral gland
  7. urethra
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14
Q

spermatogenesis

A

synthesis of sperm
occurs in testicles in the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

If prostate gland is enlarge what is difficult?

A

urination

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16
Q

Germ cells are?

A

haploid

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17
Q

Spermatogonium Type A

A

remains outside the blood-testis barrier and continues to divide; maintain supply

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18
Q

Spermatogonium Type B

A

differentiates into primary spermatocytes by going through 2 rounds of meiosis

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19
Q

1 spermatogonium makes how many sperm?

A

4

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20
Q

The sperm has a lot of which organelle located in its mid piece?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

Contraceptive Foam

A

impairs sperm motility

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22
Q

IUD

A

morena- progestin only; paraguard- copper based
prevent sperm motility and entrance into uterus

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

ducts in which sperm are made

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24
Q

Sertoli cells

A

protect sperm and promote development
stimulated by GnRH and FSH

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25
Leydig Cells
make testosterone stimulated by GnRH and LH
26
Blood-testis barrier
protect sperm from body
27
Efferent ductules
carry sperm to epididymis
28
epididymis
mature sperm and reabsorb old sperm
29
vas deferens
duct that delivers sperm to seminal vesicles only one per testis
30
Vasectomy
each vas deferens is lighted to prevent pregnancy irreversible in most cases
31
Seminal vesicles
1st gland sperm encounters posterior to urinary bladder, associated with vas deferens secrete 60% of the fluid found in semen
32
Prostate
2nd gland sperm encounters surrounds urethra secretes 30% of the fluid found in semen
33
Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Gland
found near end of penis secrete clear, slippery fluid used to lubricate the tip of the penis and neutralize acidity of residual urine secrete 10% of fluid found in semen
34
Semen
fluid expelled during orgasm
35
Spermatozoa
component of semen normal levels 50-120 million sperm/mL
36
Fructose
component of semen energy source (ATP)
37
Clotting and anti-coagulant factors help sperm to ?
stay in vagina and gain access to uterus egg
38
Prostaglandins help sperm to ?
contract the myometrium to gain access to the uterus
39
Spermine
base to neutralize vaginal pH to 7.4-7.6
40
Does sperm have decreased movement at high or low pH?
low
41
FSH and LH work together for ?
sperm production, maturation of primary and secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics
42
Ovulation pathway
ovary -> fallopian tube -> uterus
43
Where do diaphragms and IUDs go? Where do pap smears occur?
Cervix of the uterus
44
ovary
egg development and maturation
45
Fallopian tube
receives egg; allows for transport of egg to uterus
46
Uterus
thick muscular chamber that opens to the top of the vagina acts as a storage depot for embryo/unfertilized egg made up of fundus, body and cervix lumen, myometrium, endometrium
47
Myometrium responds to
oxytocin and prostaglandins
48
endometrium responds to
estrogen and progesterone
49
Oogenesis
synthesis of eggs in ovary
50
Oogonia multiply until the 5th month of gestation and then
go into a state of rest until birth to make egg
51
Only when what occurs do the ovum go through meiosis 2
fertilization
52
During puberty FSH causes the primary oocyte to complete?
meiosis 1
53
1 oogonium makes how many mature eggs?
1
54
What does FSH stimulate?
ovulation, estrogen production, breast maturation
55
What does LH stimulate?
progesterone, breast maturation, and uterine lining maintenance
56
Thelarche
breast development
57
Pubarche
pubic and auxiliary hair development
58
Menarche
1st menstrual cycle
59
Barrier and spermicidal methods
prevent sperm from getting into/beyond the vagina
60
diaphragm
rubber cap placed over cervix
61
spermicides
foams that kill/prevent sperm motility
62
hormonal methods
contain endogenous hormones to turn off production of FSH by negative feedback decreases ovulation and egg development
63
Mirena
IUD containing progesterone inhibits ovulation , decreases FSH and changes the endometrial lining
64
Paragard
IUD containing copper changes endometrial lining makes it unfavorable for ovum and sperm transport throughout the uterus
65
Vasectomy
ligation of vas deferens prevents spermatozoa from being in sperm
66
Tubal ligation
tying off fallopian tubes prevents egg transport to uterus
67
Prevent blastocyst implantation into uterine wall using ?
a progesterone receptor antagonist
68
rhythm method
timing of intercourse to reduce chances of pregnancy 1-13 least likely (egg in ovary) 14-24 most likely (egg in tube/uterus)
69
Failure rate of no protection
85%
70
Failure rate of rhythm method
20%
71
failure rate of withdrawal
18%
72
Failure rate of spermicide
21%
73
failure rate of condom
12%
74
failure rate of diaphragm with spermicide
18%
75
failure rate of birth control pill or IUD
3%
76
failure rate of norplant
0.2-0.4%
77
failure rate of depo-provera
0.3-0.4%
78
failure rate of vasectomy
0.15
79
failure rate of tubal ligation
0.4%

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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