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HPP 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

primary sex organs

A

produce gametes = gonads
testes and ovaries
essential

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4
Q

secondary sex organs

A

ducts gland and penis
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
essential

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5
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

not essential for reproduction but increase probability of sexual reproduction
beard; hair growth

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6
Q

Most cells have how many pairs of chromosomes? How many pairs are sex chromosomes

A

23 pairs total
1 pair

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7
Q

Who is responsible for determining the sex of the child?

A

Male

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8
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

androgen receptors not responsive to testosterone/androgens

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9
Q

Which hormone is the basis for pregnancy tests?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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10
Q

At less than 5 weeks a fetus is?

A

sexually undifferentiated

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11
Q

At 5-6 weeks, what develops near the fetus’ kidney?

A

gonadal ridges

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12
Q

If a fetus has a functioning HCG receptor they will become?

A

male

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13
Q

Sperm pathway

A
  1. testis
  2. epididymis
  3. vas deferents
  4. seminal vesicle
  5. prostate gland
  6. bulbourethral gland
  7. urethra
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14
Q

spermatogenesis

A

synthesis of sperm
occurs in testicles in the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

If prostate gland is enlarge what is difficult?

A

urination

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16
Q

Germ cells are?

A

haploid

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17
Q

Spermatogonium Type A

A

remains outside the blood-testis barrier and continues to divide; maintain supply

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18
Q

Spermatogonium Type B

A

differentiates into primary spermatocytes by going through 2 rounds of meiosis

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19
Q

1 spermatogonium makes how many sperm?

A

4

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20
Q

The sperm has a lot of which organelle located in its mid piece?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

Contraceptive Foam

A

impairs sperm motility

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22
Q

IUD

A

morena- progestin only; paraguard- copper based
prevent sperm motility and entrance into uterus

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

ducts in which sperm are made

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24
Q

Sertoli cells

A

protect sperm and promote development
stimulated by GnRH and FSH

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25
Q

Leydig Cells

A

make testosterone
stimulated by GnRH and LH

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26
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

protect sperm from body

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27
Q

Efferent ductules

A

carry sperm to epididymis

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28
Q

epididymis

A

mature sperm and reabsorb old sperm

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29
Q

vas deferens

A

duct that delivers sperm to seminal vesicles
only one per testis

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30
Q

Vasectomy

A

each vas deferens is lighted to prevent pregnancy
irreversible in most cases

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31
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

1st gland sperm encounters
posterior to urinary bladder, associated with vas deferens
secrete 60% of the fluid found in semen

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32
Q

Prostate

A

2nd gland sperm encounters
surrounds urethra
secretes 30% of the fluid found in semen

33
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Gland

A

found near end of penis
secrete clear, slippery fluid used to lubricate the tip of the penis and neutralize acidity of residual urine
secrete 10% of fluid found in semen

34
Q

Semen

A

fluid expelled during orgasm

35
Q

Spermatozoa

A

component of semen
normal levels 50-120 million sperm/mL

36
Q

Fructose

A

component of semen
energy source (ATP)

37
Q

Clotting and anti-coagulant factors help sperm to ?

A

stay in vagina and gain access to uterus egg

38
Q

Prostaglandins help sperm to ?

A

contract the myometrium to gain access to the uterus

39
Q

Spermine

A

base to neutralize vaginal pH to 7.4-7.6

40
Q

Does sperm have decreased movement at high or low pH?

A

low

41
Q

FSH and LH work together for ?

A

sperm production, maturation of primary and secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics

42
Q

Ovulation pathway

A

ovary -> fallopian tube -> uterus

43
Q

Where do diaphragms and IUDs go? Where do pap smears occur?

A

Cervix of the uterus

44
Q

ovary

A

egg development and maturation

45
Q

Fallopian tube

A

receives egg; allows for transport of egg to uterus

46
Q

Uterus

A

thick muscular chamber that opens to the top of the vagina
acts as a storage depot for embryo/unfertilized egg
made up of fundus, body and cervix
lumen, myometrium, endometrium

47
Q

Myometrium responds to

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

48
Q

endometrium responds to

A

estrogen and progesterone

49
Q

Oogenesis

A

synthesis of eggs in ovary

50
Q

Oogonia multiply until the 5th month of gestation and then

A

go into a state of rest until birth to make egg

51
Q

Only when what occurs do the ovum go through meiosis 2

A

fertilization

52
Q

During puberty FSH causes the primary oocyte to complete?

A

meiosis 1

53
Q

1 oogonium makes how many mature eggs?

A

1

54
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

ovulation, estrogen production, breast maturation

55
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

progesterone, breast maturation, and uterine lining maintenance

56
Q

Thelarche

A

breast development

57
Q

Pubarche

A

pubic and auxiliary hair development

58
Q

Menarche

A

1st menstrual cycle

59
Q

Barrier and spermicidal methods

A

prevent sperm from getting into/beyond the vagina

60
Q

diaphragm

A

rubber cap placed over cervix

61
Q

spermicides

A

foams that kill/prevent sperm motility

62
Q

hormonal methods

A

contain endogenous hormones to turn off production of FSH by negative feedback

decreases ovulation and egg development

63
Q

Mirena

A

IUD containing progesterone
inhibits ovulation , decreases FSH and changes the endometrial lining

64
Q

Paragard

A

IUD containing copper
changes endometrial lining
makes it unfavorable for ovum and sperm transport throughout the uterus

65
Q

Vasectomy

A

ligation of vas deferens
prevents spermatozoa from being in sperm

66
Q

Tubal ligation

A

tying off fallopian tubes
prevents egg transport to uterus

67
Q

Prevent blastocyst implantation into uterine wall using ?

A

a progesterone receptor antagonist

68
Q

rhythm method

A

timing of intercourse to reduce chances of pregnancy
1-13 least likely (egg in ovary)
14-24 most likely (egg in tube/uterus)

69
Q

Failure rate of no protection

A

85%

70
Q

Failure rate of rhythm method

A

20%

71
Q

failure rate of withdrawal

A

18%

72
Q

Failure rate of spermicide

A

21%

73
Q

failure rate of condom

A

12%

74
Q

failure rate of diaphragm with spermicide

A

18%

75
Q

failure rate of birth control pill or IUD

A

3%

76
Q

failure rate of norplant

A

0.2-0.4%

77
Q

failure rate of depo-provera

A

0.3-0.4%

78
Q

failure rate of vasectomy

A

0.15

79
Q

failure rate of tubal ligation

A

0.4%

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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