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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed what happens to air?

A

it rushes out

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2
Q

When the diaphragm is contracted what happens to air?

A

air rushes in

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3
Q

In quiet respiration how much does the diaphragm drop?

A

1.5 cm or about 500 mL

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4
Q

In forced respiration how much does the diaphragm drop?

A

7 cm or 4.7 L

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5
Q

What controls 2/3rds of airflow?

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

intercostal muscles

A

stiffens thoracic cage and prevents caving inward; enlarges the thoracic cage

controls 1/3rd of pulmonary airflow

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7
Q

What holds ribs in place during quiet respiration?

A

scalenes

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8
Q

During quiet respiration what pulls the rest of the ribs up and helps the sternum thrust forward?

A

external intercostals

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9
Q

What elevates the upper ribs during forced respiration?

A

scalenes

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10
Q

During forced respiration what arches the back and increases the diameter of thoracic cavity?

A

erector spinae

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11
Q

During quiet respiration what recoils?

A

bronchial tree and tendons of diaphragm

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12
Q

What ensures that recoil does not occur too quickly during respiration?

A

musculature

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13
Q

During forced expiration what pulls the ribs down?

A

internal intercostals

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14
Q

What pulls down the sternum during forced expiration?

A

rectus abdominis

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15
Q

Can the thoracic cavity exert pressure on the abdominal cavity?

A

yes

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16
Q

Do lungs have pacemaker cells?

A

no

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17
Q

What sets the resting rhythm of breathing?

A

neural control

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18
Q

Can skeletal muscles contract without neural stimulation?

A

no

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19
Q

What are the 3 pairs of respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and the pons?

A

VRG
DRG
PRG

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20
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

made of inspiratory and expiratory neurons
reverberating circuit produces a repetitive effect until inhibitory signal is receive, oscillates in electrical activity, sets basal rate of 12 breaths per minute

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21
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

influences VRG
integrates input from pontine respiratory group, central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and irritant chemoreceptors

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22
Q

What are chemoreceptors responsive to?

A

pH, CO2, and O2

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23
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group

A

influences DRG
integrates input from hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex

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24
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

attempts to maintain a stable pH/ CO2 level in the CSF

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25
Peripheral chemoreceptors
carotid and aortic bodies respond to pH, O2, and CO2 sensory nerve fibers from carotid and aortic bodies synapse on the DRG
26
Stretch receptors
in smooth muscle of bronchi, bronchioles, and visceral pleurae trigger a protective reflex that inhibits the inspiratory neurons connected to vagus nerve
27
irritant receptors
nerve ending in airways respond to smoke, dust, pollen, and excess mucus connect to vagus nerve stop debris from falling deeper
28
What is the breaking point in voluntary control of breathing?
when CO2 levels rise to a point when automatic controls override one’s will
29
Airflow is directly proportional to?
difference in pressure between air and lung
30
Airflow is inversely proportional to?
resistance
31
The weight of air varies depending on?
weather or elevation
32
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure inside the lung; we control this
33
If intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure air flows…
into lungs
34
Increase in lung volume means air…
rushes in
35
How can intrapulmonary pressure be decreased for inspiration?
increase thoracic cavity or lung volume air rushes in
36
During inspiration intrapleural pressure drops from -4mmHg to?
-6 mmHg
37
During inspiration how much does pressure in the alveoli decrease?
-3 mmHg
38
In quiet breathing the thoracic cavity expands to accommodate how many mL?
500
39
How does warm air impact lungs?
it expands them
40
Quiet breathing
passive process achieved mainly by recoil of the thoracic cage recoiled compresses the lungs raises intrapulmonary pressure (3 mmHg) air flows down the pressure gradient
41
Forced Breathing
accessory muscles raise intrapulmonary pressure massive amounts of air move out of the lungs around 170 L/min
42
How does increased resistance impact airflow?
decreases it
43
What governs resistance in lungs?
bronchiole diameter
44
Histamine and ACh cause?
bronchoconstriction
45
epinephrine and norepinephrine cause?
bronchodilation
46
Pulmonary compliance
ease with which the lungs can expand
47
How does surfactant impact surface tension, lung expansion, and pulmonary compliance?
decreases surface tension increases ease of lung expansion and pulmonary compliance
48
alveolar ventilation rate
measure of your body’s ability to get O2 and expel CO2 is the alveolar ventilation rate = (total air in- physiological dead space) x 12 breaths per minute
49
Only air that reaches where can be used for gas exchange?
alveoli
50
Physiological dead space =
anatomical + pathological dead space in healthy people: anatomical dead space
51
Spirometry
important to assess severity of respiratory disease or changes in response to therapy
52
spirometer
captures expired/exhaled air measures rates and depths of breathing, speed of expiration, rate of O2 consumption
53
Tidal volume
500 mL amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
54
Inspiratory Reserve volume
3000 mL amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort
55
Expiratory Reserve Volume
1200 mL amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can exhaled with maximum effort
56
Residual Volume
1300 mL amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled
57
Vital Capacity
4700 mL amount of air that can be inhaled then exhaled with maximum effort; deepest possible breath
58
Inspiratory capacity
3500 mL maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
59
functional residual capacity
2500 mL amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
60
total lung capacity
6000 mL maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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