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HPP 2 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed what happens to air?

A

it rushes out

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2
Q

When the diaphragm is contracted what happens to air?

A

air rushes in

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3
Q

In quiet respiration how much does the diaphragm drop?

A

1.5 cm or about 500 mL

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4
Q

In forced respiration how much does the diaphragm drop?

A

7 cm or 4.7 L

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5
Q

What controls 2/3rds of airflow?

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

intercostal muscles

A

stiffens thoracic cage and prevents caving inward; enlarges the thoracic cage

controls 1/3rd of pulmonary airflow

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7
Q

What holds ribs in place during quiet respiration?

A

scalenes

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8
Q

During quiet respiration what pulls the rest of the ribs up and helps the sternum thrust forward?

A

external intercostals

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9
Q

What elevates the upper ribs during forced respiration?

A

scalenes

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10
Q

During forced respiration what arches the back and increases the diameter of thoracic cavity?

A

erector spinae

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11
Q

During quiet respiration what recoils?

A

bronchial tree and tendons of diaphragm

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12
Q

What ensures that recoil does not occur too quickly during respiration?

A

musculature

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13
Q

During forced expiration what pulls the ribs down?

A

internal intercostals

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14
Q

What pulls down the sternum during forced expiration?

A

rectus abdominis

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15
Q

Can the thoracic cavity exert pressure on the abdominal cavity?

A

yes

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16
Q

Do lungs have pacemaker cells?

A

no

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17
Q

What sets the resting rhythm of breathing?

A

neural control

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18
Q

Can skeletal muscles contract without neural stimulation?

A

no

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19
Q

What are the 3 pairs of respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and the pons?

A

VRG
DRG
PRG

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20
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

made of inspiratory and expiratory neurons
reverberating circuit produces a repetitive effect until inhibitory signal is receive, oscillates in electrical activity, sets basal rate of 12 breaths per minute

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21
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

influences VRG
integrates input from pontine respiratory group, central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and irritant chemoreceptors

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22
Q

What are chemoreceptors responsive to?

A

pH, CO2, and O2

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23
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group

A

influences DRG
integrates input from hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex

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24
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

attempts to maintain a stable pH/ CO2 level in the CSF

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25
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid and aortic bodies
respond to pH, O2, and CO2
sensory nerve fibers from carotid and aortic bodies synapse on the DRG

26
Q

Stretch receptors

A

in smooth muscle of bronchi, bronchioles, and visceral pleurae
trigger a protective reflex that inhibits the inspiratory neurons
connected to vagus nerve

27
Q

irritant receptors

A

nerve ending in airways
respond to smoke, dust, pollen, and excess mucus
connect to vagus nerve
stop debris from falling deeper

28
Q

What is the breaking point in voluntary control of breathing?

A

when CO2 levels rise to a point when automatic controls override one’s will

29
Q

Airflow is directly proportional to?

A

difference in pressure between air and lung

30
Q

Airflow is inversely proportional to?

A

resistance

31
Q

The weight of air varies depending on?

A

weather or elevation

32
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure inside the lung; we control this

33
Q

If intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure air flows…

A

into lungs

34
Q

Increase in lung volume means air…

A

rushes in

35
Q

How can intrapulmonary pressure be decreased for inspiration?

A

increase thoracic cavity or lung volume
air rushes in

36
Q

During inspiration intrapleural pressure drops from -4mmHg to?

A

-6 mmHg

37
Q

During inspiration how much does pressure in the alveoli decrease?

A

-3 mmHg

38
Q

In quiet breathing the thoracic cavity expands to accommodate how many mL?

A

500

39
Q

How does warm air impact lungs?

A

it expands them

40
Q

Quiet breathing

A

passive process achieved mainly by recoil of the thoracic cage
recoiled compresses the lungs
raises intrapulmonary pressure (3 mmHg)
air flows down the pressure gradient

41
Q

Forced Breathing

A

accessory muscles raise intrapulmonary pressure
massive amounts of air move out of the lungs around 170 L/min

42
Q

How does increased resistance impact airflow?

A

decreases it

43
Q

What governs resistance in lungs?

A

bronchiole diameter

44
Q

Histamine and ACh cause?

A

bronchoconstriction

45
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine cause?

A

bronchodilation

46
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

ease with which the lungs can expand

47
Q

How does surfactant impact surface tension, lung expansion, and pulmonary compliance?

A

decreases surface tension
increases ease of lung expansion and pulmonary compliance

48
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

measure of your body’s ability to get O2 and expel CO2 is the alveolar ventilation rate

= (total air in- physiological dead space) x 12 breaths per minute

49
Q

Only air that reaches where can be used for gas exchange?

A

alveoli

50
Q

Physiological dead space =

A

anatomical + pathological dead space

in healthy people: anatomical dead space

51
Q

Spirometry

A

important to assess severity of respiratory disease or changes in response to therapy

52
Q

spirometer

A

captures expired/exhaled air
measures rates and depths of breathing, speed of expiration, rate of O2 consumption

53
Q

Tidal volume

A

500 mL
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing

54
Q

Inspiratory Reserve volume

A

3000 mL
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

55
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

1200 mL
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can exhaled with maximum effort

56
Q

Residual Volume

A

1300 mL
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled

57
Q

Vital Capacity

A

4700 mL
amount of air that can be inhaled then exhaled with maximum effort; deepest possible breath

58
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

3500 mL
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

59
Q

functional residual capacity

A

2500 mL
amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

60
Q

total lung capacity

A

6000 mL
maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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