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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Phagocytosis

A

ingestion and killing of micro-organisms by specialized cells
innate immunity

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2
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
indicator of infection
innate immunity

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3
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes

A

monocyte derived cells -> macrophages and dendritic cells
innate immunity

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4
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

family of receptors expressed on selected leukocytes
trigger inflammation
recognize molecular patterns
innate immunity

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5
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

component of gram negative bacteria cell wall
innate immunity

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6
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B cells; antibodies
adaptive immunity

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7
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cell; terminators
adaptive immunity

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8
Q

Cytotoxicity

A

1 cell killing another cell

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9
Q

Innate immunity

A

ability to resist infection
not pathogen-specific
present from birth
no obvious enhancement by subsequent exposure
no specific memory
poorly effective without adaptive immunity
mediated largely by monocyte-derived cells and PMNs

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

ability to adapt to infection
confers pathogen-specific immunity
continues to mature after birth; influenced by environment
enhanced by subsequent exposure
develop long term, specific memory
poorly effective without innate immunity
mediated by lymphocytes and monocyte-derived cells

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11
Q

Does protective immunity require both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Why is there a lag time in developing adaptive immune responses?

A

dendritic cells select lymphocytes to activate and proliferate

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13
Q

immune system

A

body wide network of cells and organs for defending the body against attacks by foreign invaders

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14
Q

danger model

A

immune responses depend on context of how the antigen is presented
context is the degree of inflammation

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15
Q

antigen

A

any molecular entities capable of triggering adaptive immune responses
most often proteins

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16
Q

immunological specificity

A

cells of immune system respond to the molecular structure of an antigen

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17
Q

epitope

A

sub-structure of an antigen to which lymphocytes respond and remember
an antigen can have many of these

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18
Q

immunological versaitility

A

immune system ability to differentiate antigens and produces specific and appropriate response

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19
Q

immunological memory

A

response to a second exposure of the same antigen is faster and stronger than the response to the initial exposure
remains for years/decades

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20
Q

immunological tolerance

A

ability of the immune system to respond to foreign cells and compounds, but to generally ignore normal tissues and cells
has to be continuously maintained
can be central/peripheral

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

cells in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, and tissues

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22
Q

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

have segmented nuclei and cell-specific cytoplasmic granules
includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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23
Q

neutrophils

A

number in the blood increases during infection
think bacteria

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24
Q

eosinophils

A

respond to allergic reactions
think asthma and parasites

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25
basophils
respond to allergic reactions with histamine and heparin think parasites
26
Lymphoid organs
thymus spleen bone marrow lymph vessels and nodes extends to skin and mucosal tissues
27
What is conveyed through the lymphatics in the lymph?
Immune cells and foreign particles
28
Where do T-cells go before they go to the lymph node?
the Thymus
29
Where is the thymus located?
Between the sternum and the aortic arch
30
How does the thymus prevent autoimmunity?
induces apoptosis of auto-reactive T cells
31
immature T cells are generated in bone marrow through?
random recombination of genes
32
B cells
produce antigen specific antibodies when activated each is defined by its epitope specific receptor
33
T cells
regulate, help, and kill in antigen specific manner each is define by its epitope specific receptor
34
What does each T and B cell clone express?
unique receptor that defines the cell’s antigen specificity
35
What are antigen presenting cells?
macrophages/dendritic cells/b lymphocytes remove debris and defend against pathogens that cannot be dealt with by neutrophils
36
Cytotoxic T Cells
killers of virus and bacteria
37
Helper T Cells
directs T lymphocyte process
38
Regulatory T Cells
help with t lymphocyte peripheral tolerance
39
B lymphocytes
plasma cells cannot revert back to B cells
40
What are the three types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes natural killer cells
41
What is signal 1 in antigen presentation?
MHC-TCR antigen recognition defines specificity of the immune response
42
What is signal 2 in antigen presentation?
costimulation (inflammation) dictates intensity of the immune response
43
Activation of T cells by APC is xxx dependent?
Contact
44
An MHC bound peptide is an epitope if ?
it is recognized by T cells
45
What does MHC stand for?
major histocompatibility complex human leukocyte antigens
46
MHC Class 1?
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C these engage cytotoxic T cells expressed in all nucleated cells
47
MHC Class 2?
HLA-D engage helper T-cells expressed mostly by APCs
48
MHC genes are highly ?
polymorphic several hundred alleles have been identified in humans
49
How many HLA alleles can a person express?
12
50
What is the probability of two individuals expressing the same set of MHC molecules?
very low
51
Where are MHC found?
mostly nucleated cells, APCs
52
What does MHC bind to ?
peptides
53
MHC 1 presents peptides to?
Cytotoxic T cells
54
MHC 2 presents peptides to ?
helper T cells
55
Where do peptides presented by MHC I come from?
proteins synthesized within cells
56
Where are peptides presented by MHC 2 derived from?
proteins internalized through phagocytosis
57
What are the steps in cell-mediated immunity?
Th and CTL recognize epitopes in MHC molecules and make clones cell-cell contact attack, apoptosis of target cells memory: most clones die when infections resolves but encounters generate long-lived memory T cells
58
Helper T cells express which molecule?
CD4
59
What do helper T cells respond to?
Class 2 MHC molecules
60
Which molecule do cytotoxic T cells express?
CD8
61
What do cytotoxic T cells respond to?
Class 1 MHC molecules
62
B7-CD28
this is on T lymphocytes the antigen is captured, there is rapid expression of B7 on APC to provide the second signal of antigen presentation
63
What is a distinguishing feature of APC?
costimulation
64
What do perforin and granzyme do?
poke holes and inject enzyme that initiate apoptosis
65
cytokines
diverse and potent chemical messengers that bind specific receptors on target cells, recruit other cells, encourage cell growth, direct cellular traffic, and destroy target cells
66
What is the main source of interleukin—2?
Activated CD4 helper T cells
67
What is required for proliferation of lymphocytes?
interleukin-2
68
B cells
secrete antibodies, make antibodies that bind to a specific epitope, gives rise to plasma cells
69
What do B cells express?
BCR MHC2 costimulatory molecules IL-2 receptor MHC1
70
A BCR will bind to an intact antigen through endocytosis and then combine with a class 2 MHC. What is this combination recognized by?
CD4 T helper cells
71
The binding of the antigen, MHC, and CD4 T helper cell activates what?
The t cell, which releases IL-2 that transforms B cell into plasma cells
72
Antibodies are also known as?
Immunoglobulins
73
What is the configuration of antibodies?
2 identical heavy chains 2 identical light chains
74
What do antibodies do?
neutralize and tag antigens for destruction
75
What is FAB or variable region on antibodies?
antigen binding fragment recognizes a specific epitope
76
How many Fabs does each antibody have?
2
77
The constant region on antibodies is also called?
The Fc region this mediates the killing mechanism
78
IgG
major immunoglobulin in the blood is able to enter tissue spaces G stands for gamma half life is 21 days in blood
79
IgD
almost exclusively found inserted into the membrane of B cells, where it regulates the cell’s activation D stands for delta BCR
80
IgE
normally present in only trace amounts responsible for the symptoms of allergy (mast cell -> histamine)
81
IgA
doublet concentrates in body fluids such as tears, saliva, and the secretions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
82
IgM
star shaped clusters initial response to antigens
83
Humoral Immunity
1. B cells recognize an antigen and divide repeatedly 2. Plasma cells release antibodies that bind to the antigen, render it harmless, and tag it for destruction by other agents 3. Some B cells differentiate into memory cells which provide lasting protection against future exposures to the same pathogen
84
Where are Fc receptors expressed? What do they do?
on select leukocytes ex. neutrophils capture antibody-bound antigens
85
Opsonization
internalization of antibody-tagged antigens mediated through Fc portion of antibodies

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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