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HPP 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Phagocytosis

A

ingestion and killing of micro-organisms by specialized cells
innate immunity

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2
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
indicator of infection
innate immunity

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3
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes

A

monocyte derived cells -> macrophages and dendritic cells
innate immunity

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4
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

family of receptors expressed on selected leukocytes
trigger inflammation
recognize molecular patterns
innate immunity

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5
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

component of gram negative bacteria cell wall
innate immunity

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6
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B cells; antibodies
adaptive immunity

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7
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cell; terminators
adaptive immunity

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8
Q

Cytotoxicity

A

1 cell killing another cell

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9
Q

Innate immunity

A

ability to resist infection
not pathogen-specific
present from birth
no obvious enhancement by subsequent exposure
no specific memory
poorly effective without adaptive immunity
mediated largely by monocyte-derived cells and PMNs

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

ability to adapt to infection
confers pathogen-specific immunity
continues to mature after birth; influenced by environment
enhanced by subsequent exposure
develop long term, specific memory
poorly effective without innate immunity
mediated by lymphocytes and monocyte-derived cells

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11
Q

Does protective immunity require both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Why is there a lag time in developing adaptive immune responses?

A

dendritic cells select lymphocytes to activate and proliferate

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13
Q

immune system

A

body wide network of cells and organs for defending the body against attacks by foreign invaders

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14
Q

danger model

A

immune responses depend on context of how the antigen is presented
context is the degree of inflammation

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15
Q

antigen

A

any molecular entities capable of triggering adaptive immune responses
most often proteins

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16
Q

immunological specificity

A

cells of immune system respond to the molecular structure of an antigen

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17
Q

epitope

A

sub-structure of an antigen to which lymphocytes respond and remember
an antigen can have many of these

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18
Q

immunological versaitility

A

immune system ability to differentiate antigens and produces specific and appropriate response

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19
Q

immunological memory

A

response to a second exposure of the same antigen is faster and stronger than the response to the initial exposure
remains for years/decades

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20
Q

immunological tolerance

A

ability of the immune system to respond to foreign cells and compounds, but to generally ignore normal tissues and cells
has to be continuously maintained
can be central/peripheral

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

cells in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, and tissues

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22
Q

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

have segmented nuclei and cell-specific cytoplasmic granules
includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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23
Q

neutrophils

A

number in the blood increases during infection
think bacteria

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24
Q

eosinophils

A

respond to allergic reactions
think asthma and parasites

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25
Q

basophils

A

respond to allergic reactions with histamine and heparin
think parasites

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26
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

thymus
spleen
bone marrow
lymph vessels and nodes
extends to skin and mucosal tissues

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27
Q

What is conveyed through the lymphatics in the lymph?

A

Immune cells and foreign particles

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28
Q

Where do T-cells go before they go to the lymph node?

A

the Thymus

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29
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Between the sternum and the aortic arch

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30
Q

How does the thymus prevent autoimmunity?

A

induces apoptosis of auto-reactive T cells

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31
Q

immature T cells are generated in bone marrow through?

A

random recombination of genes

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32
Q

B cells

A

produce antigen specific antibodies when activated
each is defined by its epitope specific receptor

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33
Q

T cells

A

regulate, help, and kill in antigen specific manner
each is define by its epitope specific receptor

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34
Q

What does each T and B cell clone express?

A

unique receptor that defines the cell’s antigen specificity

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35
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages/dendritic cells/b lymphocytes
remove debris and defend against pathogens that cannot be dealt with by neutrophils

36
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

killers of virus and bacteria

37
Q

Helper T Cells

A

directs T lymphocyte process

38
Q

Regulatory T Cells

A

help with t lymphocyte peripheral tolerance

39
Q

B lymphocytes

A

plasma cells cannot revert back to B cells

40
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells

41
Q

What is signal 1 in antigen presentation?

A

MHC-TCR antigen recognition
defines specificity of the immune response

42
Q

What is signal 2 in antigen presentation?

A

costimulation (inflammation)
dictates intensity of the immune response

43
Q

Activation of T cells by APC is xxx dependent?

A

Contact

44
Q

An MHC bound peptide is an epitope if ?

A

it is recognized by T cells

45
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex
human leukocyte antigens

46
Q

MHC Class 1?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
these engage cytotoxic T cells
expressed in all nucleated cells

47
Q

MHC Class 2?

A

HLA-D
engage helper T-cells
expressed mostly by APCs

48
Q

MHC genes are highly ?

A

polymorphic
several hundred alleles have been identified in humans

49
Q

How many HLA alleles can a person express?

A

12

50
Q

What is the probability of two individuals expressing the same set of MHC molecules?

A

very low

51
Q

Where are MHC found?

A

mostly nucleated cells, APCs

52
Q

What does MHC bind to ?

A

peptides

53
Q

MHC 1 presents peptides to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

54
Q

MHC 2 presents peptides to ?

A

helper T cells

55
Q

Where do peptides presented by MHC I come from?

A

proteins synthesized within cells

56
Q

Where are peptides presented by MHC 2 derived from?

A

proteins internalized through phagocytosis

57
Q

What are the steps in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Th and CTL recognize epitopes in MHC molecules and make clones
cell-cell contact attack, apoptosis of target cells
memory: most clones die when infections resolves but encounters generate long-lived memory T cells

58
Q

Helper T cells express which molecule?

A

CD4

59
Q

What do helper T cells respond to?

A

Class 2 MHC molecules

60
Q

Which molecule do cytotoxic T cells express?

A

CD8

61
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells respond to?

A

Class 1 MHC molecules

62
Q

B7-CD28

A

this is on T lymphocytes
the antigen is captured, there is rapid expression of B7 on APC to provide the second signal of antigen presentation

63
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of APC?

A

costimulation

64
Q

What do perforin and granzyme do?

A

poke holes and inject enzyme that initiate apoptosis

65
Q

cytokines

A

diverse and potent chemical messengers that bind specific receptors on target cells, recruit other cells, encourage cell growth, direct cellular traffic, and destroy target cells

66
Q

What is the main source of interleukin—2?

A

Activated CD4 helper T cells

67
Q

What is required for proliferation of lymphocytes?

A

interleukin-2

68
Q

B cells

A

secrete antibodies, make antibodies that bind to a specific epitope, gives rise to plasma cells

69
Q

What do B cells express?

A

BCR
MHC2
costimulatory molecules
IL-2 receptor
MHC1

70
Q

A BCR will bind to an intact antigen through endocytosis and then combine with a class 2 MHC. What is this combination recognized by?

A

CD4 T helper cells

71
Q

The binding of the antigen, MHC, and CD4 T helper cell activates what?

A

The t cell, which releases IL-2 that transforms B cell into plasma cells

72
Q

Antibodies are also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

73
Q

What is the configuration of antibodies?

A

2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains

74
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

neutralize and tag antigens for destruction

75
Q

What is FAB or variable region on antibodies?

A

antigen binding fragment
recognizes a specific epitope

76
Q

How many Fabs does each antibody have?

A

2

77
Q

The constant region on antibodies is also called?

A

The Fc region
this mediates the killing mechanism

78
Q

IgG

A

major immunoglobulin in the blood is able to enter tissue spaces

G stands for gamma

half life is 21 days in blood

79
Q

IgD

A

almost exclusively found inserted into the membrane of B cells, where it regulates the cell’s activation

D stands for delta

BCR

80
Q

IgE

A

normally present in only trace amounts
responsible for the symptoms of allergy (mast cell -> histamine)

81
Q

IgA

A

doublet
concentrates in body fluids such as tears, saliva, and the secretions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

82
Q

IgM

A

star shaped clusters
initial response to antigens

83
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  1. B cells recognize an antigen and divide repeatedly
  2. Plasma cells release antibodies that bind to the antigen, render it harmless, and tag it for destruction by other agents
  3. Some B cells differentiate into memory cells which provide lasting protection against future exposures to the same pathogen
84
Q

Where are Fc receptors expressed? What do they do?

A

on select leukocytes
ex. neutrophils
capture antibody-bound antigens

85
Q

Opsonization

A

internalization of antibody-tagged antigens
mediated through Fc portion of antibodies

HPP 2 (11 decks)

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