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Farm (Chloe) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of abortions don’t reach a diagnosis in cattle?

A

76%

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2
Q

What factors influence client expectations in regards to abortion diagnosis?

A

Foetus quality
Client aims
Current controls
Previous investigations

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3
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion in sheep?

A

EAE - chlamydia abortus

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4
Q

What type of bacteria is chlamydia abortus?

A

Gram negative intracellular bacteria

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5
Q

At what stage of gestation do sheep with EAE abort?

A

In the last 3 weeks of gestation

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6
Q

What type of pathogen is toxoplasma?

A

Protozoal parasite

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7
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasma?

A

Cats

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8
Q

What can toxoplasma infection cause in sheep?

A

If non-pregnant - causes immunity
If pregnant - causes infertility, mummification, stillbirths and abortion

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9
Q

At what stage of gestation do sheep infected with campylobacter abort?

A

7-25 days after infection then followed by strong immunity

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10
Q

What is significant about the aborted foetus with campylobacter infection?

A

The foetal liver may have grey necrosis

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11
Q

What samples should be sent to the lab with sheep abortions?

A

Ideally foetus and placenta
If not:
- Placenta section containing cotyledonary and non-cotyledonary areas
- Foetal fluid
- Foetal stomach contents
- Spleen

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12
Q

How can antibiotics be used to control EAE (chlamydia abortus)?

A

Oxytetracycline - maintain infected ewe placentas if given between days 90 and 126 of gestation

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13
Q

What is the biggest cause of cattle dystocia?

A

Foeto-maternal disproportion

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14
Q

What are the effects of dystocia?

A

Reduced welfare, stillbirths, dam death and postpartum problems

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15
Q

What are the indications for a caesarean section?

A

Foetal-maternal disproportion
Malpresentations than can’t be corrected
Breech calving
Elective

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16
Q

What are the indications for a foetotomy?

A

When the foetus will not survive. Only suitable if already dead or if euthanasia of foetus is required.

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17
Q

What is hydrallantois?

A

Excess fluid accumulation in the allantois. Placental origin with a normal foetus.

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of hydrallantois?

A

Bilateral abdominal distention
Uncomfortable
Inappetant
Reduced/absent rumen function
Recumbancy
Tight uterine wall palpable rectally

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19
Q

What is hydramnios?

A

Excess fluid accumulation in the amnion. It is of foetal origin with abnormalities present

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20
Q

What disease causes arthrogryposis?

A

Schmallenberg

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of congenital chondrodysplasia?

A

Short legs, domed head and an undershot jaw - bulldog calves

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22
Q

What disease an cause hydrocephalus?

A

BVD

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23
Q

What are teratogens?

A

An agent that causes foetal abnormality or death. Timing of exposure influences the outcome.

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24
Q

What are the chances of prostaglandin causing the loss of pregancy?

A

<100 days - maximal chance
101-150 days - moderate chance
>150 days - lower chance
>270 days to induce the parturition of a live calf

25
Q

How do steroids increase the chance of pregnancy termination?

A

Reduces placental excretion of progesterone. Most effective in the last month of gestation.

26
Q

How long is the voluntary wait period between calving and oestrus?

A

45 days

27
Q

What can reduce the expression of oestrus in dairy cattle?

A

Lameness, environment, nutrition, use of bull, genetics

28
Q

What can reduce the detection of oestrus in dairy cattle?

A

Time observing, training, use of bull, technology, heat detection aids

29
Q

What factors can affect conception rate?

A

Nutrition: Energy balance, micronutrients, SARA, excess protein
AI related: Technique, semen quality, storage, thawing, handling, timing
Disease: Lameness, herd level infectious disease, uterine bacterial disease, venereal
Bull: True infertility, lameness, lack of libido

30
Q

What are the 3 main points of infertility in dairy cattle?

A
  1. Cycling animals that don’t conceive
  2. Animals that are not or don’t appear to be cycling at all
  3. Animals that conceive but do not maintain pregnancy
31
Q

What are the risks of post-legged conformation in a breeding male?

A

Increased risk of lameness due to hock, stifle or hip joint pathology

32
Q

How can feet abnormalities affect the breeding male’s performance?

A

Can affect libido (hereditary)

33
Q

What should the scrotal circumference of a ram be?

A

> 33cm

34
Q

What medications can affect bull fertility?

A

BVDv inoculation - sperm abnormailities
Febrile conditions/cortisone - reduced semen quality for 4-6 weeks after fever/treatment

35
Q

What techniques can be used for semen collection and analysis?

A

Artificial vagina, digital manipulation, electro-ejaculation

36
Q

What is the quarantine requirement for frozen bull semen storage?

A

28 days

37
Q

What standard of progressive motility of sperm is acceptable?

A

> 60%

38
Q

What percentage of sperm must be morphologically normal to pass analysis?

A

> 70%

39
Q

What general factors can cause abnormal sperm production?

A

Stress, heat, season, hereditary, puberty, toxicity, nutritional

40
Q

What are the two main risk factors for uterine prolapse?

A

Hypocalcaemia and a difficult calving/lambing

41
Q

What type of prolapse are an emergency?

A

Uterine prolapses

42
Q

How do you treat a minor vaginal tear?

A

Leave to heal by secondary intention

43
Q

What is the transition period of a cow?

A

3 weeks pre to 3 weeks post-calving

44
Q

What occurs in the post-partum period?

A

Lactation, uterine involution, return to cyclicity, regeneration of endometrium, efficient control of uterine bacteria

45
Q

When does full uterine involution occur?

A

3-6 weeks after calving

46
Q

What is lochia

A

Red brown/white discharge that lacks odour for the first 23 days

47
Q

What is classed as retained foetal membranes?

A

The non-expulsion of foetal membranes beyond 24 hours post-calving.

48
Q

What 3 treatment options are available for retained foetal membranes?

A

Manual removal - 5-7 days. Risk of haemorrhage/tearing
Systemic antibiotic therapy - amoxicillin 3-5 days
Benign neglect - usually expelled 2-11 days

49
Q

What is clinical metritis?

A

Not systemically ill. Abnormally enlarged uterus, purulent discharge, within 21 days post-partum

50
Q

What is puerperal metritis?

A

Systemic signs. Fever >39.5. Abnormally enlarged uterus. Fetid watery red-brown discharge. Within 21 days post-partum.

51
Q

What is clinical endometritis?

A

Purulent uterine discharge (>50% pus) over 21 days from parturition or mucopurulent uterine discharge (50/50) over 26 days from parturition

52
Q

What is subclinical endometritis?

A

> 18% neutrophils in uterine cytology sample collected 21-33 days after parturition OR >10% if 34-47 days after parturition

53
Q

What are the most common pathogens seen with endometritis?

A

E.coli, T.pyogenes and F.necrophorum

54
Q

What is the definition of a pyometra?

A

Purulent or mucopurulent material within the uterine lumen causing distention in the presence of a closed cervix and functional corpus luteum.

55
Q

What is the treatment for pyometra?

A

PGF2a

56
Q

What factors can cause failure to breed in sheep?

A

BCS/general health
Stage in annual cycle
Season
Anatomical/congenital abnormalities
Errors in sync protocol
Ram problems

57
Q

What element of the dairy herd can influence fertility and conception rates?

A

Milk yield
High yield = low fertility

58
Q

What is the oestrus period of a higher yielding cow?

A

6 hours

59
Q

What is the standing time of a higher yielding cow?

A

22 seconds

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

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