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Farm (Chloe) > Production > Flashcards

Production Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main risks of BSE?

A

Potential to cross the species barrier with cats, humans and zoo animals.
Massive impacts on trade between countries

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2
Q

How does BSE infection occur?

A

Cattle infected by oral ingestion of contaminated feed which then enters lymphoid tissue and brain.

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3
Q

How old are cattle before BSE clinical disease is apparent?

A

Around 5 years after exposure

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4
Q

What measures were taken during the BSE outbreak?

A

Ruminant feed ban implemented
BSE made notifiable
50% compensation paid to farmers with clinical signs in the first 18 months

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5
Q

What does the lion mark represent in egg production?

A

The highest standards - eliminate salmonella

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6
Q

What control measures are in place to prevent salmonella entering the food chain from egg production?

A

All egg producing hens are vaccinated against salmonella enderitidis
Flocks >350 birds tested at 4 weeks old and 2 weeks before laying.
Positive birds culled with full compensation

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7
Q

What percentage of the UK gamebird population are pheasants?

A

80%

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of a yolk sac infection?

A

Malodourous, omphalitis
Dehydration, emaciation
Large discoloured yolk sac
Mortality, coliforms

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9
Q

What are starve-out chicks?

A

Chicks with no ingesta in gizzard

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10
Q

What are the signs of a non-starter chick?

A

Yolk sac is absorbed with a pale liver

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11
Q

At what age, are gamebird chicks typically affected by viral enteritis/rotavirus?

A

4-10 days

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of viral enteritis/rotavirus in gamebird chicks?

A

Yellow frothy droppings
Typhlitis
Dehydration
Ruffled feathers
Pyrexia

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13
Q

How is viral enteritis/rotavirus transmitted in gamebird chicks?

A

Horizontal transmission
From breeders due to contaminated shells

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14
Q

How is salmonellosis transmitted to gamebird chicks?

A

Vertical transmission through hatchery or contamination of brood hut

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15
Q

What is a characteristic PME finding of salmonellosis in gamebird chicks?

A

Caecal cores

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of spironucleus meleagridis and tetretrichomonas gallinae in gamebird chicks?

A

Watery diarrhoea
Dehydration
Weight loss
Lethargy
Depression
Mortality

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17
Q

What is the most important eimeria spp in pheasants?

A

Eimeria colchici

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18
Q

What is the most important Eimeria spp in partidges?

A

Eimeria legionensis

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19
Q

At what age is coccidiosis seen in gamebird chicks?

A

21 days to 16 weeks

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20
Q

How is coccidiosis transmitted between gamebirds?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

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21
Q

What pathology is seen with histomoniasis in gamebirds?

A

Pathognomonic multiple necrotising lesions in liver with caseous typhlitis

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22
Q

What clostridia spp causes ulcerative enteritis in partridges?

A

Clostridium colinum

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23
Q

What is the primary pathogen in infectious sinusitis of gamebirds?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV)?

A

Tremors
Incoordination
Cataracts

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25
Q

What is the only antibiotic licenced in gamebirds?

A

Tylvalosin

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26
Q

What are the meat and egg withdrawals on off-licenced medications in poultry?

A

28 days meat and 7 days egg

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27
Q

What type of virus is Maedi Visna?

A

Lentivirus

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28
Q

What type of virus is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

Retrovirus

29
Q

What pathogen causes caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

30
Q

What pathogen causes ovine Johne’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis

31
Q

What type of virus causes border disease?

A

Pestivirus

32
Q

What is the main route of transmission of maedi visna?

A

Oronasal

33
Q

What control measures should be put into place if there is a high level of maedi visna infection?

A
  1. Cull flock and restock with accredited sheep
  2. Try and reduce losses through management
34
Q

What is the main route of transmission of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

Aerosol

35
Q

What control measures can be put into place for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A
  1. Identify and cull infected and offspring
  2. Manage in single age groups
  3. Reduce close contact
  4. Snatch lambing and rear artificially
36
Q

How is caseous lymphadenitis transmitted?

A

Through skin abrasions, inhalation or ingestion when sheep are grouped

37
Q

What control measures can be put into place for caseous lymphadenitis?

A
  1. Buy from trusted sources
  2. Boundary biosecurity
  3. Separating infected animals
38
Q

At what age are clinical signs present in ovine Johne’s disease?

A

2 to 3 years old

39
Q

How is border disease transmitted between sheep?

A

Respiratory secretions
Transplacental or via semen from PI rams

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of clinical mastitis?

A

1 = mild (milk changes)
2 = Moderate (inflammatory signs in quarter)
3 = Severe (systemic signs, sub-acute to toxic)

41
Q

What factors should be taken into consideration when treating clinical mastitis?

A
  • Cow SCC
  • Parity and number of quarters affected
  • Farm bulk milk SCC
  • Prevalence of infection
  • ETC
42
Q

What type of mastitis pathogens are most likely in a high cell count herd?

A

Contagious mastitis with gram-positive pathogens predominating.

43
Q

What type of mastitis pathogens are most likely in a low cell count herd?

A

Environmental pathogens with either/both gram positive and gram negative pathogens.

44
Q

What is the point of dry cow therapy?

A

Directed at the control of gram-positive contagious mastitis pathogens

45
Q

What cows are at risk of summer mastitis?

A

Dry cows and heifers
Can affect young calves, bulls and steers

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of summer mastitis?

A

Hard, hot and painful quarter
Characteristic foul smell
Cow often goes lame
Can lead to abortion

47
Q

What are the treatment options for summer mastitis?

A

Systemic penicillin or derivatives
Regular stripping
Institute drainage by removing teat/cutting vertically

48
Q

How do you control the risks of summer mastitis?

A

Fly avoidance and control
Dry cow therapy
Teat sealants

49
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

When yield increases much faster than food intake.

50
Q

What are the issues with sub-clinical ketosis?

A

Reduced milk quality
Decreased fertility
Impaired immune function
Role in other diseases e.g LDA

51
Q

What is the ideal body condition score for a cow at calving?

A

2.5 to 3

52
Q

What is beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) used to measure?

A

Ketone body
Current energy supply/demand
Useful for fresh calves

53
Q

What are non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) used to measure?

A

Transport form of fat
Indicator of fat mobilisation
Useful for transition

54
Q

What is the target DMI for a high yielding cow?

A

> 23 kg/d

55
Q

What is the target DMI for a transition cow?

A

> 12 kg/d

56
Q

How can dry matter intake be improved on farm?

A

Minimise group changes
Easy access trough space per cow
Avoid over-conditioned cows
Minimise ration palatability
Manage environment appropriately

57
Q

What causes hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A

A lot more calcium in the milk than in the circulating calcium pool

58
Q

Why is a low dietary cation-anion balance the final 2-3 weeks before calving important?

A

It induced milk metabolic acidosis resulting in enhanced uptake of Ca from the GI tract, mobilisation from the bone and a higher rate of vitamin D3 activation. Helps with the prevention of hypocalcaemia.

59
Q

Which ear does the electronic yellow tag go in?

A

Left ear

60
Q

What are the steps to treating an ear tag infection?

A
  • Lance abscess
  • Clean with AB wash
  • Apply topical ABs
    If bad, broad spectrum ABs and if severe, remove tag
61
Q

What is the optimum age to put a bull ring in?

A

Between 6 and 12 months

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of toxic mastitis?

A

Severely sick cow
Cardiovascular shock
Temperature increases then subnormal
Eating, drinking and milking to nil
Mammary changes - hot, swollen, watery secretion

63
Q

What are the common differentials for a down cow?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Dystocia
Trauma
Peracute infections (metritis)
Neurological/toxins

64
Q

What are the common differentials for a sick but standing cow?

A

Early hypocalcaemia
Early hypomagnesaemia
Ketosis
Dystocia
Acute infections (metritis)
Neurological/toxins

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute mastitis in sheep?

A

Visible symptoms
Behaviour changes due to pain
Unusual discharge
Increased temperature, anorexi and increase in SCC
Severe cases can turn gangrenous

66
Q

What costs are associated with mastitis in sheep?

A

Culling, treatment, mortality, reduced milk yield and quality, lower lamb growth rates

67
Q

What are the major pathogens associated with mastitis in sheep?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Mannhaemia haemolitica
Streptococcus spp.
E.coli
Coagulase-negative streptococci (CNS)

68
Q

What are the risk factors associated with mastitis in sheep?

A

Nutrition
Low BCS
Poor hygiene/ indoor lambing
Teat lesions and conformation
Cross-suckling
Age
MV

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

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