Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm (Chloe) > Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common pericardial condition in ruminants?

A

Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis (TRP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the result of septic pericarditis?

A

Cardiac tamponade -> CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the typical history for septic pericarditis?

A

Non-specific
Milk drop
Inappetence
Unresolved non-specific illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the early clinical signs of septic pericarditis?

A

Pain - abducted elbows, withers positive, arched back, firm palpation
Rubbing/friction sounds on auscultation
Tachycardia
Pyrexia +/- associated with BRD signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the later clinical signs of septic pericarditis?

A

Muffled heart sounds bilaterally
Squeaking, splashing, rubbing
Difficulty to palpate apex beat
Pyrexia +/-
Congestive heart failure signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you diagnose septic pericarditis?

A

Ultrasound ICS 3-5 on both sides
Purulent fluid in the pericardial sac +/- fibrin
Hepatic congestion
PME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat septic pericarditis?

A

Magnet bolus and broad spectrum antibiotics = amoxicillin or oxytetracycline
Late stages - prognosis poor to hopeless so PTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the main bacteria involved in bacterial endocarditis?

A

Truperella pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the predilection sites for bacterial endocarditis?

A

Right AV valve (tricuspid)
Left Av valve (mitral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis?

A

Murmur +/- palpable thrill
Persistent tachycardia
Ill thrift
Milk drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you diagnose bacterial endocarditis?

A

Ultrasound
Blood culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you treat bacterial endocarditis?

A

Long-term antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 3 weeks.
Penicillin/amoxicillin
Furosemide if CHF present and analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of congenital cardiac diseases?

A

Murmurs
Poor growth
Increased respiratory rate/effort
Cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in the calf?

A

Ventricular septal defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does hyperkalaemia cause?

A

Bradycardia
Severe, acute diarrhoea
Urinary obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What deficiency causes white muscle disease?

A

Vitamin E/ selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does BRD stand for?

A

Bovine respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the top 3 viruses that can cause BRD?

A

IBR, RSV and PI3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the bacterial causes of BRD?

A

Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma bovis
Mannhaemia haemolitica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical signs for IBR?

A

Harsh URT sounds
Very pyrexic
Impact on fertility and yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the incubation period for IBR?

A

2-20 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the incubation period for RSV?

A

2-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of RSV?

A

Necrotising bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia.
Emphysematous lesions may develop in caudodorsal lung lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does PI3 affect the respiratory tract?

A

Infects ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, alveolar epithelium and macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is mycoplasma bovis transmitted?

A

Transmitted by aerosols through coughing between cows.
Infected cows can shed it in their milk and pass onto calves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the four ways to diagnose BRD?

A

Pathogen detection
Lung pathology detection
Clinical signs based
Epidemiology based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What swabs can be taken to help aid diagnosis of BRD?

A

Conjunctival swab - IFAT or PCR for IBR
Nasopharyngeal swab and BAL - not first line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the secondary problems linked to BRD?

A

Failure of passive transfer
BVD
Selenium deficiency
Liver fluke
Parasitic gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the early signs of BRD?

A

Pyrexia
Isolation and behaviour changes
Slow to feed, don’t drink milk allowance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the treatment options for BRD?

A

NSAIDS
Antibiotics - oxytetracycline
Electrolytes
TLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the four key environmental factors that contribute towards the prevention of BRD?

A

Cleanliness
Fresh air
Temperature
Humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What system should be adopted in calf sheds to help with the prevention of disease outbreaks?

A

All in all out system, with calves in age groups that don’t mix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the pre-patent period of lungworm in cattle?

A

3 to 5 weeks

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of lungworm in cattle?

A

Mild - intermittent coughing, particularly after running
Moderate - Frequent coughing at rest. Tachypnoea and hypernea. Squeaks and crackles over posterior lung lobes.
Severe - dyspnoea, air-hunger posture, tongue out, sudden death

35
Q

What diagnostics can be used for lungworm?

A

Baermann’s test
Tracheal wash/BAL
ELISA for antibody

36
Q

What are the high risk conditions for lungworm?

A

Wet summers
Heavy stocking density
Lack of immunity due to low exposure

37
Q

What are the key differences between lungworms and gut worms?

A
  1. Lungworms generally shorter free-living development period and larval survival
  2. Carrier animals are an important source of lungworm infection
  3. Appearance of lungworm disease is unpredictable and low-risk grazing is not possible
38
Q

What are the four steps to lungworm control?

A

Delayed turnout
Vaccination
Rotational grazing
Dose and move

39
Q

What is the technical name for bovine lungworm?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

40
Q

What pathogen causes shipping fever?

A

Mannhaemia haemolitica

41
Q

What virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

42
Q

What are some of the reproductive signs of IBR?

A

Abortion (up to 100days after respiratory signs)
Genital lesions

43
Q

What are the control options for IBR?

A

Do nothing
Vaccinate to control clinical signs
Accreditation/eradication (+/- vaccination)

44
Q

What pathogen causes malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Ovine herpes virus-2

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Pyrexia
Enlarged lymph nodes
Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge
Corneal opacity
Sloughing of oral and nasal mucosa

46
Q

How long can bovine Tb survive on pasture?

A

6 to 8 weeks

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine Tb?

A

Soft, productive cough
Weight loss, LN enlargement
Sometimes mastitis with udder induration

48
Q

What diseases is mycoplasma bovis involved in?

A

BRD
Arthritis
Mastitis

49
Q

What are some clinical signs of mycoplasma bovis?

A

Chronic pneumonia
Head tilt
Ear droop `
Head tilt

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of fog fever?

A

Acute bovine pulmonary oedema
Emphysema

51
Q

How to prevent fog fever?

A

Introduce lush grass slowly
Graze youngstock instead of adults on lush pasture

52
Q

What parasites can cause sudden death in sheep?

A

Haemonchus contortus
Nematodirus battus
Fasciola hepatica
Coccidiosis

53
Q

What is the pre-patent period of haemonchus contortus?

A

14 to 15 days

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute H.contortus infestation in sheep?

A

Weakness/collapse
Marked pallor of mms
Hyperpnoea/tachycardia
Good BCS
Sudden death

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of sub-acute H.contortus infestation?

A

Bottle jaw - sub-mandibular oedema

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic H.contortus infestation?

A

Ill thrift
Poor BCS
Bottle-jaw
Lethargy
Weakness
Microcytic anaemia

57
Q

How do you treat a H.contortus infestation?

A

Improve diet to boost mineral reserves
Move pasture
Treat with ivermectin/albendizole wormers (yellow/clear)

58
Q

In an emergency, what natural product can be used as a haemostat in sheep?

A

Cobwebs

59
Q

What is the primary differential for haemolysis anaemia?

A

Toxin ingestion

60
Q

What are common toxicities seen in sheep?

A

Sulphur from onions and brassicas
Nitrates
Copper

61
Q

What are clinical signs of copper toxicity in sheep?

A

Jaundice seen on sclera and skin. Urine black in colour
Anorexia
Depressed
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Weakness
Sudden death

62
Q

What is seen on PME following copper toxicity?

A

Bronze coloured liver and gun-metal coloured kidney

63
Q

What sheep breeds are prone to copper toxicity?

A

Texels and Suffolks

64
Q

What are the 4 possible causes of water toxicity in sheep?

A
  1. Excess Na ingestion with adequate water intake
  2. Normal Na ingestion with inadequate water intake
  3. Consumption of high Na water
  4. Administration of hypertonic oral electrolytes
65
Q

What are the clinical signs of water toxicity?

A

Thirst, hyperthermia, tachycardia
Muscle fasciculation, rumen stasis
Diarrhoea, mucoid faeces
Nasal discharge
Convulsions
Sudden death

66
Q

How do you treat water toxicity in sheep?

A

Restrict water intake, little and often
Corticosteroids to reduce CNS oedema
Frusemide and IV fluid at modest rate

67
Q

What are the 5 production limiting diseases in sheep?

A
  1. Maedi Visna (MV)
  2. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)
  3. Caseous Lymphadenitis
  4. Johne’s
  5. Border disease
68
Q

What type of virus causes Maedi Visna?

A

Retrovirus

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of maedi visna?

A

Ill thrift
Pneumonia incidence
Mastitis incidence
Low milk production
Poor lamb growth
Increased young lamb loss
Swollen joints and lameness

70
Q

What is the only reliable method to detect maedi visna?

A

Blood testing

71
Q

What methods are used to reduce the incidence of maedi visna?

A

Source animals from accredited flocks
Monitor
Reduce density
Increase biosecurity
Severe: Cull and re-populate

72
Q

What type of virus causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

Beta retrovirus

73
Q

How is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma transmitted between sheep?

A

Aerosol but also colostrum/milk.

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)?

A

Weight loss
Laboured breathing
Increased RR
Some animals cough or produce nasal discharge
Sudden death

75
Q

What bacteria causes caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

76
Q

How is caseous lymphadenitis transmitted?

A

New stock contact
Infected pus on fomite
Shearing season
Aerosol if in lungs

77
Q

What are the clinical signs in caseous lymphaditis?

A

Lumps or bumps on face and neck
May have internal, undetectable abscesses where only clinical signs may be loss of condition
Mastitis
Inguinal and scrotal lymph nodes

78
Q

What sheep are typically affected by laryngeal chondritis?

A

18-24 month old Texels, Beltex and Southdowns. More typically rams than ewes.

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of laryngeal chondritis

A

Severe dyspnoea
Laryngeal stridor
Often fatal

80
Q

How do you treat laryngeal chondritis?

A

Dexamethasone along with a weeks course of ABs (amox/clav off licence)
Emergency tracheostomy

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions