Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm (Chloe) > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What elements of the clinical exam can be used to assess abdominal distention?

A

Rumen contour
Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What things is rumen hypomotility linked to?

A

Systemic inflammation
Increased sympathetic tone
Rumen distention or acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical signs of rumen hypomotility?

A

Dull/depressed
Inappetant
Milk drop
Abnormal abdominal silhouette
Rumen motility/auscultation
Faecal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is frothy bloat primary or secondary?

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is gassy bloat primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is frothy bloat associated with?

A

Lush pasture, clover and legumes
Low fibre and high concentrate diet cause stable foam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signa of frothy bloat?

A

Abdominal enlargement of LHS when viewed from the rear
Colic
Decreased rumen motility
Stomach tube will pass but not decompress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the treatment for frothy bloat?

A

Antifoaming agents, rumenotomy decompression in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the diet management for frothy bloat?

A

Take off pasture
Late morning grazing
Strip graze
Feed hay before going onto grass
Add long fibre to diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some of the causes of free gas bloat?

A

Obstruction/foreign body
Hypocalcaemia
Prolonged lateral recumbency
Vagal nerve damage
Tetanus
Actinobacililus
Outside pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the clinical signs of vagal indigestion?

A

Decreased milk yield, anorexia
Abnormal faeces
Recurrent bloating
Decreased ruminal motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of vagal indigestion?

A

Anterior functional stenosis or pyloric outflow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of choke in ruminants?

A

Large quantities of feed, rapid intakes, root crops, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical signs of choke in cattle?

A

Distressed
Extended neck
Coughing
Profuse salivation and bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What medical treatment is helpful for choke?

A

Spasmodic - Hyoscine Butybromide + metamizole
Sedation - Xylazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of stomach bloat in calves?

A

Diarrhoea, poor hair coat, decreased DLWG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for abomasal bloat in calves?

A

IVFT
Antibiotics
Hyoscine
NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features of abdominocentesis and peritoneal fluid analysis be noted?

A

Colour, volume, turbidity, odour, protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute peritonitis?

A

Abdominal discomfort
Pyrexia
Toxaemia
Altered faecal output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some causes of diffuse peritonitis?

A

Urethral obstruction
Acute acidosis/rumenitis
Toxic mastitis
Postpartum metritis
Perforated abomasal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some causes of local peritonitis?

A

LDA/RDA
Caecal torsion
TRP
Uterine torsion/rupture, dystocia, caesarean, vaginal tear
Intestinal obstruction, volvulus, strangulation, intussusception, perforation
Splenic/hepatic/umbilical abscess
Fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be used to diagnose acute peritonitis?

A

Withers pinch - reluctance to dip
Eric Williams test
Rectal palpation
Clinical pathology
Abdominocentesis
Exploratory laparotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment of acute peritonitis?

A

Medical: IVFT, NSAIDS, Antimicrobials
Surgical - debridement, lavage and drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of haemorrhagic jejunitis?

A

Red-dark/ black blood in faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What pathogen causes bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)?

A

pestivirus - type 1 is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the main route of transmission for BVD?

A

Faeco-oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the clinical signs of type 1 BVDv?

A

Acute infection - mild systemic illness, immunosuppression, reduced reproductive performance.
Respiratory disease (Mucosal disease in PI animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of type 2 BVDv?

A

Generally severe and often fatal.
Thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea, haemorrhagic disease.
Enteric infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the reproductive effects of BVD at different stages of pregnancy?

A

<120 days - death and resorption, abortion, mummification or still birth. PI survival.
120-190 days - stillbirth/abortion. Calf abnormalities
190 days + - normal calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a PI?

A

Persistently infected animal. No antibodies are produced. Often small and stunted but clinically completely normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the clinical signs of BVD mucosal disease?

A

Fatal
Weight loss
Bloody D+
Dehydration
Ulcerated lesions in mouth, nose, ID space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is important about BVD in bulls?

A

The virus can hide in the testicles meaning on testing - Ab positive and Ag negative but still spreading virus. Only identified in a semen sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many cows can contribute to a BVD bulk milk test?

A

300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the main route of transmission of BVD?

A

Nose to nose contact - nasopharyngeal secretions

35
Q

What are the broad causes of brisket oedema?

A

Reduced venous return, loss of protein or leaky capillaries

36
Q

What causes high altitude disease?

A

Low oxygen saturation in the air

37
Q

What causes malignant oedema?

A

Acute wound infection caused by clostridia spp. Often injection or deep wound.

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of malignant oedema?

A

Anorexia
Depression
Fever
Death
Local swelling

39
Q

What is seen on PME of malignant oedema?

A

Dry and friable muscles
Red/black
Emphysematous
Pericardium effects
Myocardial haemorrhage
Necrosis

40
Q

How do you treat malignant oedema?

A

Betamox LA - amoxicillin

41
Q

What biochemistry markers are reduced in udder oedema?

A

Total protein
Calcium
Phosphorus
Lipoproteins

42
Q

How do you treat udder oedema?

A

Massage and hot compresses
Diuretics
Corticosteroids

43
Q

What is seen on the bloods of a ruminant with copper toxicity?

A

Anaemia, hemoglobinemia, increased liver enzymes, azotaemia

44
Q

What is the official name for ragwort poisoning?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid ingestion

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyrrolizidine alkaloid ingestion?

A

Weight loss
Mild to moderate jaundice
Photosensitisation
Diarrhoea and low grade colic
Hypoalbuminemia
Hepatic encephalopathy

46
Q

What can cause liver abscesses?

A

Damage to the rumen through grain overload

47
Q

What are the risks of liver abscesses?

A

Rupture into the abdominal cavity - major peritonitis
Rupture into major vessel - major haemorrhage
Shock sudden death
Vena cava thrombosis

48
Q

How do you prevent liver abscesses in ruminants?

A

Avoiding acidotic ruminal conditions
Feed enough roughage
Do not overfeed grain

49
Q

What are the most common reasons for milk drop?

A

Metritis
LDA
Primary ketosis
TRP
Mastitis

50
Q

What endoparasites do ruminants not build immunity to?

A

Fluke (sheep and cattle)
Haemonchus (sheep)
Lungworm immunity in cattle is short-lived

51
Q

How is nematodirus transmitted?

A

Between lamb crops over to the following year. Required cold over the winter to prime and hatch eggs.

52
Q

What clinical signs are associated with nematodirus?

A

Dehydration and rapid death

53
Q

What are the main GI nematodes in lambs?

A

Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Teladorsagia and trichostrongylus?

A

Scouring, weight loss, poor fleece quality, dull/depressed, dehydrated, death
Sub-clinical: Slower weight gain, reduced feed conversion efficiency, reduced immunity

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of haemonchus?

A

Anaemia
Weakness
Weight loss
Sub-mandibular oedema

56
Q

What are the aims of parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) control?

A

Good productivity/profitability
Good immunity where possible
Sustainability

57
Q

What is the in-refugia population?

A

A population of parasites not exposed to treatment. Used to dilute eggs produced by AR worms.

58
Q

What are the 4 factors driving anthelmintic resistance?

A
  1. Buying in resistant worms
  2. Under dosing individuals
  3. Over treating the population
  4. Allow resistant worms the chance to dominate
59
Q

How do you prevent anthelmintic resistance?

A
  • Quarantine treatments for purchased stock
  • Dose for the heaviest in the group
  • Calibrate equipment
  • Minimize number of treatments
  • Administer correct product correctly
  • Dilute AR worms
  • Use non-chemical means of control
60
Q

What are the top 3 differentials for diarrhoea outbreaks in cattle?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Acidosis
  3. Coronvirus
61
Q

What diarrhoea pathogens are most common for calves less than 14 days old?

A

Rotavirus
E.coli
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

62
Q

What age ranges is Eimeria important for in calves?

A

3 weeks to 6 months

63
Q

What clinical disease is present with Eimeria?

A

Diarrhoea and poor DLWG
Congested mucosa, oedematous and thickened with haemorrhages.
Infects caecum, colon and terminal part of ileum

64
Q

What are the pre-disposing factors of Eimeria?

A

High stocking density
Poor hygiene
Mixed aged groups
Stress
Wet and warm weather

65
Q

How do you prevent Eimeria in the herd?

A

Use an oral drench - Diclazuril, toltrazuril.
In feed - deconquinate
Hygiene - bedding management, density/group

66
Q

What is the adult cow presentation for infectious diarrhoea?

A

Highly contagious
Short-lived explosive diarrhoea
Winter
Cattle in close confinement

67
Q

What clinical disease can salmonella cause in cattle?

A

Abortion, enteritis and septicaemia

68
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for salmonella and why?

A

Triethroprim sulphanomide
It is gram negative

69
Q

What are the signs of a healthy rumen?

A

pH - 5.6 to 6.5
10 to 12 hours a day ruminating
>70L saliva
3 contractions in 2 minutes
VFAs produced
10^9 to 10^11 cfu/ml micro-organisms per ml

70
Q

What are the reported clinical signs of mycotoxins?

A

Loss of appetite, reduced milk yield/poor weight gain, feed refusal, diarrhoea, pyrexia, pruritus, bleeding, ill thrift

71
Q

What are the main reasons of scour in neonatal lambs?

A

Incorrect mixing of milk replacer
E.coli
Clostridium perfringens type B
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidium

72
Q

What are the main reasons for scour in older lambs?

A

Rumen acidosis (creep feeding), coccidiosis, nematodes, parasitic gastroenteritis

73
Q

What are the main reasons for scour in adult sheep?

A

Rumen acidosis (lush pasture), salmonella, Johne’s

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of watery mouth (E.coli)?

A

Pyrexic, lethargic and may scour
Hypersalivate
Rattle belly

75
Q

What is the route of transmission of cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Faeco-oral

76
Q

What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Diarrhoea
Inappetence
Abdominal pain
Mild pyrexia
Reduced growth rates
General poor performance

77
Q

How do you diagnose cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Faecal sample or post mortem

78
Q

What control measures can be undertaken for cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Adequate colostrum intake, good hygiene, prevent transmission
Younger graze before older
Check disinfectants

79
Q

What pathogen causes Johne’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)

80
Q

Where are the sources of infection for Johne’s disease?

A

Faeces from shedding goats/sheep/cattle
Environment and fomite spread
Colostrum/milk from infected cattle
Wildlife reservoirs

81
Q

What are the clinical signs of Johne’s disease?

A

Diarrhoea
Decreased production
Weight loss/emaciation
Oedema - bottle jaw
2-6 years old

82
Q

What pathogen causes border disease?

A

Pestivirus

83
Q

What clinical signs are present with border disease?

A

Hairy shaker lambs
Abortions
Stillbirths

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions