Reproduction Flashcards
reproduction
the process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the same kind as themselves
asexual
involves 1 parent and takes place in unicellular organisms. Offspring is a clone as a results o mitosis , the process is rapid and does not require finding a mate
sexual
involves 2 parents , male and female gametes fuse during fertilisation to form a zygote which forms to an embryo . Shows variation in phenotypical appearance , slow process and involves finding a mate
cancers to reproductive system
prostate cancer- a tumour forms in the prostate gland which blocks urethra
breast - tumour in breast detected via x-ray
cervical - caused by HPV. Vaginal bleeding , pain during sexual intercourse
menstruation cycle
the primary follicle is matured by FSH into the graafian follicle where little oestrogen is produced. When matured oestrogen is increased which thickens walls of the uterus and prepares it for the release of a mature egg. This results in the pituitary gland to stop secreting FSH and to begin secreting LH. This allows for ovulation which is the release of a mature egg. Oestrogen and LH levels are at their highest , LH stimulates the corpus luteum to develop and secret progesterone which maintains the thickness of the uterus lining. If the ovum is fertilised in the fallopian tube it forms a zygote which divides into an embryo and is implanted into the uterus lining . If the egg is not fertilised the corpus luteum breaks down which reduces progesterone causing the lining to break down
pregnancy
the implanted embryo develops and divides and some cells develop into a placenta , this is a disc shaped tissue with projections around it called villi used for protection of the uterus lining and is attached to the embryo via the umbilical cord which consist of the umbilical vein and artery which allows the exchange of materials from the mothers blood to the embryos blood. The developing embryo is surrounded by a membrane called the amnion. The placenta continue to develop and stimulates progesterone to keep uterus lining thick, progesterone is reduced and the pituitary glad secrets oxytocin which stimulates the uterus to contract and burst the amnion
prenatal care
checkups , balanced diet , no drug use , regular exercise
postnatal care
breast feeding for minimum of 6 months which contains antibodies and builds emotional bond with mother , plenty interaction with both parents , regular check ups by doctor
contraception’s
Abstinence- advantages completely effective , disadvantage - relies on self control
condom - advantages easy and ready available and protects against STD , disadvantage - latex can cause allergic reactions
IUD- advantage very reliable , disadvantage must be inserted by professional
surgical sterilisation - advantages totally reliable no artificial device , disadvantages irreversible
family planning
small family is less expensive , more time with 1 kid , parents decide what age , women get to complete education
abortions
spontaneous - foetus has chromosomal abnormalities , mother has immune system disorder or medical condition
induced - done by taking pill or undergoing a surgery
arguments for use of abortion
for - mothers life is at risk , foetus is genetically abnormal , result of rape , no family was in place
against- can cause infection , mental issues can arise is women , it is illegal in some countries or is considered murder
