hygiene and defences against disease

Question 1

sterilisation

Answer 1

is the complete destruction of all microorganisms present in a specific region

Question 2

ultra high temp treatment -

Answer 2

sterilise liquid food . the food us heated at 135*C fir 1-2 seconds the quickly cooled

Question 3

pasteurisation

Answer 3

commonly used in sterilisation of milk. carried how by heating milk at 72*C for 15-25 seconds and cooling quickly

Question 4

canning

Answer 4

food is placed in containers and put in a steam bath which kills all microorganism and then quickly sealed

Question 5

boiling

Answer 5

boiling materials such as medical equipment at 100*C for 15-20 minutes

Question 6

disinfection and disinfectants and antiseptics

Answer 6

involves the use of chemicals to reduce the number of microorganisms that are present to a level that cannot cause infection. Disinfectants are chemicals that kill organisms on non living tissue as it is toxic and strong eg. chlorine and anticipants are the opposite eg. iodine

Question 7

antibiotic and antifungal agents

Answer 7

antibiotic- chemicals used to kill bacteria
antifungal agents - chemicals used to treat fungal infections

Question 8

defences against diseases

Answer 8

immune system , white blood cells
antibodies - a specific protein produced by lymphocytes
antigens- a substance recognised as forging to the body and stimulates lymphocytes
antitoxin- antibody produces in response to a specific toxin

Question 9

immunity

Answer 9

is the body’s temporary or permanent resistance to a disease
initiate immunity - refers to the ability of the body to resist disease , this is inherited genetically
acquired immunity - this can be natural or artificial
natural - antibodies are made
natural passive - antibodies are passed from mother
artificial passive - antibodies are made in response to antigens
artificial - antibodies in serum is injected into blood