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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Apposition

A

When blastocyst contact the implantation sits on the endometrium

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2
Q

First trimester duration

A

First trimester duration
1-12 weeks (all organs are formed)

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3
Q

Second trimester duration and symptoms

A

13-28 weeks (growth of organs)
Morning sickness
Back & leg pain
Constipation
Cramps
Fetal movements are felt

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4
Q

Third trimester

A

29-40 weeks (fetus is full term & can live outside mother)
Breathlessness due to push of uterus agains the diaphragm
Varicose veins
Urinary incontinence
Difficulty in sleepy

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5
Q

Hormones controlling pregnancy

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
HCG (predominant hormone in 1st trimester)
Human chorionic somatomamotropin

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6
Q

Role of estrogen in pregnancy

A

Enlargement of breast
Enlargement of uterus
Enlargement of external genitalia
Relaxing of pelvic ligaments

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7
Q

Role of HCG in pregnancy

A

Persistence of corpus luteum to prevent menstruation
Stimulate angiogenesis
Stimulate release of progesterone from CL
Inhibit immunity and phagocytosis from mother cells
Relax uterine muscles & prevent contraction

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8
Q

Role of progesterone in pregnancy

A

Dev of decidual cells for nutrition
Decrease uterine contraction to prevent abortion

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9
Q

Hormones controlling birth

A

Oxytocin
Estrogen
Prostaglandins
Cortisol
Relaxin

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10
Q

Role of estrogen & oxytocin in birth

A

Synthesis of prostaglandins

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11
Q

Role of prostaglandins in birth

A

Increase contraction of uterus by increasing calcium in uteruine cells

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12
Q

Role of cortisol in birth

A

Help the mother withstand labor

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13
Q

Role of relaxin in birth

A

Relax pelvic ligaments for easy delivery

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14
Q

Duration of pregnancy

A

40 weeks from LMP
38 weeks from conception

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15
Q

Antagonist of prostaglandins

A

Progesterones ( prevents uterine contraction)

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16
Q

Homologue of HCG

A

Luteinizing hormone

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17
Q

1st trimester complications

A

Miscarriage
Vaginal bleeding
Nausea
Ectopic pregnancy

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18
Q

2nd trimester complications

A

Preterm labor
Gestational diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

3rd trimester complications

A

Hypertension
Separation of placenta before birth

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20
Q

Post-partum complications

A

Hemorrhage due to lack of uterine contraction
Adherent placenta
Remnants of placenta

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21
Q

Viropause

A

A condition in men characterized by emotional and physical changes in the body due to level of androgens caused by aging
Also call male andropause or climacteric

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22
Q

Cryptochidism

A

A condition characterized by lack of descent of testes
Treated with testosterone injections or gonadotropic drugs which initiate decent
Surgery may be needed if inguinal canal is too small

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23
Q

Extirpation of testes

A

Removal of testes at different stages of life
Before puberty, immediately after puberty, in adulthood

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24
Q

Azoospermia

A

Absence of sperm in semen

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25
Oligozoospermia
Low sperm count Cause: use of corticosteroids
26
Teratozoospermia
Presence of morphologically abnormal sperms
27
Aspermia
Absence of semen due to retrograde ejaculation due to dysfunction of the sphincter
28
Oligospermia
Low volume of semen
29
Hematospermia
Presence of blood in semen due to infections
30
Source of estrogen
Non pregnant women: theca cells, corpus luteum and adrenal cortex Pregnant women: placenta
31
Source of progesterone
Non pregnant: theca cells and adrenal cortex Pregnant: corpus luteum and placenta
32
End products of estrogen metabolism
B- estradiol Estriol Estrone
33
Synthesis estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
Cholesterol or acetate
34
Transport of testosterone
Sex steroids binding globulin Albumin
35
Transport of estrogen and progesterone
Albumin and globulin
36
Follicular phase of the ovary
From 5th day to ovulation Primordial follicle Primary follicle Vesicular follicle Graafian follicle
37
Luteinization
Conversion of granulosa and theca interna cells into lutein cells
38
Luteolysis
Degeneration of corpus luteum
39
End products of progesterone metabolism
Pregnonediol
40
Postmenopausal syndrome
Physical, physiological and psychological changes occurring in a woman immediately after menopause
41
Symptoms of Postmenopausal syndrome
Hot flashes, vasomotor instability, emotional outbursts, depression, fatigue,verigo, headache, osteoporosis and artherosclerosis
42
Treatment of Postmenopausal syndrome
Administration of estrogen and progesterone and withdrawing them gradually by reduces the amount
43
Endometriosis
When a tissue similar to uterine endometrium develops around the uterus, tubes and ovary Pregnancy cannot occur It secretes thick mucus which prevents sperms from entry
44
Caused of male infertility
Low sperm count Abnormal sperms Obstruction of ducts Others: crytochidism, alcohol, hypothalamic, pituitary disorders
45
Causes of female infertility
Anovulation due to hormonal imbalance Abnormality of ovary (thick capsule) leads to cyst or fibroids Abnormality of uterus (endometriosis) Others: renal, liver, hypothalamic, pituitary disorders
46
Eclampsia
Condition characterized by severe hypertension, vascular spasm and convulsions muscular contractions Treated with vasodilators or termination of pregnancy
47
Gestation period
Period of pregnancy 40 weeks from LMC 38 weeks from fertilization
48
Braxton Hicks contractions
Weak, irregular, short and painless contractions to prepare the uterus for labor contractions Cervix softens but doesn’t dilate
49
Types of contractions
Braxton Hicks cobtractions False labor contractions Labor contractions
50
Stages of parturition
1- stage of labor contractions 2- stage of expulsion of fetus (1hr duration) 3- stage of expulsion of placenta (10-15mins after)
51
Maternal hormones for parturition
C- cortisol C- catecholamines R- relaxin O- oxytocin P- prostaglandins
52
Fxns of estrogen during parturition
Increase force of uterine contractions Increase numbers of oxytocin receptors Synthesis of prostaglandins
53
Fxns of oxytocin during parturition
Stimulates uterine contractions Stimulates release of prostaglandins L
54
Fxns of progesterone during parturition
Inhibit uterine contractions Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting phospholipase A release
55
Fxns of relaxin
Softening of cervix and its ligaments for easy dilatation Increase oxytocin receptors Suppress activity of progesterone Dev of mammary glands
56
Fxns of prostaglandins during parturition
Increase the force of uterine contractions by increasing calcium ions in the uterus
57
Fxns of catecholamines during parturition
Increase force of uterine contractions via alpha adrenegic receptors
58
Fxns of cortisol
Increase force of uterine contractions and helps mother withstand stress of labor
59
Bohr effect
Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen and vice versa
60
Fxns of placenta
Nutritive Excretory Respiratory Endocrine
61
Fxn of LH in general
On females: stimulates secretion if progesterone from corpus luteum, initiates ovulation On males: stimulates secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells
62
Fxns of hCG during pregnancy
Same fxn as LH Corpus luteum and leydig cells
63
Fxns of estrogen during pregnancy
Enlargement of uterus Enlargement of Breast Enlargement of external genitalia Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
64
Progesterone during pregnancy
Inhibits uterine contractions Stimulates development of decidua Enlargement of breast
65
HCS fxn in pregnancy
Protein, lipid and carbohydrates metabolism
66
Menarche
First menstrual blood flow
67
Thelarche
First changes in mammary gland immediately before menarche
68
Lactation
It is the synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk Two stages: Milk secretion: lactogenesis and galactopoiesis Milk ejection
69
Fertility control
Used of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy Also called family planning or contraception
70
Rhythm method
Prevention of pregnancy by avoiding intercourse during the dangerous period L
71
Methods of determining ovulation
Measurement of basal body temperature Measurement of hormone level in blood Measurement of hormones excreted by urine Ultrasound
72
Different methods of medical termination of pregnancy
Dilation and curettage Vacuum aspiration Administration of prostaglandins

Physiology (10 decks)

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