Pathophysiology

Question 1

Upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 1

Damage to the cortical motor areas (frontal lobe areas) or anywhere along their descending tracts (internal capsule) due to thrombosis or cerebral hemorrhage

Question 2

Lower motor neuron lesion

Answer 2

Damage to spinal (cranial) motor neurons due to poliomyelitis or polyneuropathy

Question 3

Symptoms of neocerebellar lesion

Answer 3

A- athenia (weakness of muscle)
H- hypotonia
A- ataxia (in coordination of voluntary movement)

Question 4

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 4

Slowly progressive degenerative disease
Cause: damage of substantia niagra with destruction of dopamine producing cells
Treatment: administration of dopamine as levodopa together with carbidopa

Question 5

Wilson’s disease

Answer 5

Excess copper in tissues
Cause: damage to lentiform nuclei

Question 6

Chorea

Answer 6

Abnormal jerky movements
Kana zaune ka fara jerky movements
Due to injury in caudate nucleus

Question 7

Athetosis

Answer 7

Rhythmic and twisting movements
Due to injury to caudate nucleus

Question 8

Choreoathetosis

Answer 8

Combined jerky and twisting movements

Question 9

Huntintgton chorea

Answer 9

Degeneration of GABA producing cells
Leads to chorea, hypotonia and dementia

Question 10

Hemiballismus

Answer 10

Violent involuntary abnormal movements
Due to damage to subthalamus