Reproduction

Question 1

Describe asexual reproduction

Answer 1

a process resulting in the production of genetically
identical offspring from one parent

Question 2

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
asexual reproduction:
(a) to a population of a species in the wild
(b) to crop production

Question 3

Describe sexual reproduction

Answer 3

a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes
to form a zygote and the production of offspring
that are genetically different from each other

Question 4

Describe fertilisation

Answer 4

the fusion of the nuclei of
gametes

Question 5

are the nuclei of gametes haploid or diploid?

Answer 5

haploid

Question 6

is a zygote haploid of diploid?

Answer 6

diploid

Question 7

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
sexual reproduction:
(a) to a population of a species in the wild
(b) to crop production

Question 8

functions of petals

Question 9

functions of stigma

Question 10

functions of sepals

Question 11

function of the stamens

Question 12

function of the anothers

Question 13

function of the filaments

Question 14

function of the style

Question 15

function of the ovary in a plant

Question 16

function of the ovules

Question 17

function of the anthers

Question 18

function of the carpel

Question 19

function of the stigma

Question 20

function of filaments

Question 21

Distinguish between the pollen grains of
insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

Question 22

Describe pollination

Answer 22

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

Question 23

Describe self-pollination

Answer 23

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the
same plant

Question 24

Describe cross-pollination

Answer 24

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the
stigma of a flower on a different plant of the
same species

Question 25

Discuss the potential effects of self-pollination
and cross-pollination on a population, in terms of
variation, capacity to respond to changes in the
environment and reliance on pollinators

Question 26

When does pollination occur?

Answer 26

fertilisation occurs when a pollen
nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

Question 27

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its
entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation

Question 28

Describe the structural adaptations of
insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

Question 29

Investigate and describe the environmental
conditions that affect germination of seeds,
limited to the requirement for: water, oxygen and
a suitable temperature

Question 30

Describe fertilisation

Answer 30

the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

Question 31

Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited
to: flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the
acrosome

Question 32

Explain the adaptive features of egg cells, limited
to: energy stores and the jelly coat that changes
at fertilisation

Question 33

Compare male and female gametes in terms of:
size, structure, motility and numbers

Question 34

State what happens in the in early development of the zygote

Answer 34

it forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that
implants into the lining of the uterus

Question 35

Describe the function of the placenta and
umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of
dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products
between the blood of the mother and the blood
of the fetus

Question 36

What can affect the fetus?

Answer 36

some pathogens and toxins can pass
across the placenta and affect the fetus

Question 37

Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen
in the development and regulation of secondary
sexual characteristics during puberty

Question 38

Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes
in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus

Question 39

Describe the sites of production of oestrogen
and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in
pregnancy

Question 40

Explain the role of hormones in controlling the
menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH,
LH, progesterone and oestrogen

Question 41

Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Answer 41

an infection that is transmitted through sexual
contact

Question 42

What is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 42

a pathogen that causes an STI

Question 43

what may lead to aids

Answer 43

HIV

Question 44

Describe the methods of transmission of HIV

Question 45

Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled

Question 46

describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus

Question 47

Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy

Question 48

Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen