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Biology IGCSE > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is inheritance?

A

transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

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2
Q

what is a gene?

A

length of dna that codes for proteins

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3
Q

what are chromosomes made from?

A

from dna which contains genetic information

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4
Q

what is an allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

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5
Q

what are the chromosomes for males

A

xy

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6
Q

what are the chromosomes for females

A

xx

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7
Q

State what determines the sequence of amino acids used in specific protein

A

that the sequence of bases in a gene
determines it

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8
Q

How do different sequences of amino acids
give different shapes to protein molecules

A
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9
Q

How is a protein made?

A
  • the gene coding for the protein remains in
    the nucleus
  • messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene
  • mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus
    and move to the cytoplasm
  • the mRNA passes through ribosomes
  • the ribosome assembles amino acids into
    protein molecules
  • the specific sequence of amino acids is
    determined by the sequence of bases in the
    mRNA
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10
Q

Describe a haploid nucleus

A

nucleus
containing a single set of chromosomes

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11
Q

Describe a diploid nucleus

A

nucleus containing
two sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Explain that DNA controls cell function by
controlling the production of proteins, including
enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for
neurotransmitters

A
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13
Q

Describe a haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes

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14
Q

Describe a diploid nucleus

A

nucleus containing
two sets of chromosomes

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15
Q

do most body cells in an organism
contain the same genes?

A

yes but but many genes in a
particular cell are not expressed because the cell
only makes the specific proteins it needs

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16
Q

diploid cell vs human cell

A

in a diploid cell, there is a pair of each
type of chromosome and in a human diploid cell
there are 23 pairs

17
Q

Describe mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to
genetically identical cells

18
Q

State the role of mitosis

A

growth, repair of
damaged tissues, replacement of cells and
asexual reproduction

19
Q

what occurs before mitosis

A

the exact replication of chromosomes

20
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

during mitosis, the copies of
chromosomes separate, maintaining the
chromosome number in each daughter cell

21
Q

Describe stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that
divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that
can become specialised for specific functions

22
Q

what process is involved in the production
of gametes

A

miosis

23
Q

Explain how a protein is made,

A

the gene coding for the protein remains in the nucleus
• messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene
• mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus
and move to the cytoplasm
• the mRNA passes through ribosomes
• the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules
• the specific sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA

24
Q

Explain that most body cells in an organism contain the same genes, but many genes in a particular cell are not expressed because the cell only makes the specific proteins it needs

A

Each cell in an organism contains the same set of genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins that perform various functions in the body. However, not all of these genes are expressed, or turned on, in every cell. This is because each cell type has a specific function and requires specific proteins to perform that function.

25
Q

what process is involved in the production of gametes?

A

meiosis

26
Q

what is miosis

A

reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells

27
Q

what is inheritance

A

the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

28
Q

what is a genotype

A

the genetic make-up of an organism and in terms of the alleles present

29
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the observable features of an organism

30
Q

what is homozygous?

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene

31
Q

how do we get pure breeding?

A

when two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding

32
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene

33
Q

will heterozygous be pure breeding or not?

A

no

34
Q

what is a dominant allele?

A

as an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype

35
Q

what is a recessive allele?

A

as an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype

36
Q

what is codominance

A

situation in which both alleles in heterozygous organisms contribute to the phenotype

37
Q

what is a sex linked charachteristic?

A

a feature in which the gene responsible is located on
a sex chromosome and that this makes the characteristic more common in one sex than in the other

38
Q

what is an example of a sex linkage?

A

red-green colour blindness

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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