Reproduction Flashcards
list the 6 asexual
budding, binary fission, vegetative propagation, fragmentation, parthenogenesis, spores
budding
- Budding is when the offspring is grown off of the parent
binary fission
- Binary fission is when the parent cell divides itself into 2 making offspring with the same DNA
spores
- Spores are mobile and when released from parent cell, will generate into new organism
vegetaive propagation
- Vegetative propagation is when non sexual parts of the plant reproduce (like stem, roots)
fragmentation
- Fragmentation is when the parent breaks into parts and new offspring generates off those parts
parthenogenesis
- Parthenogenesis is unfertilized eggs developing into offspring
advantages of asexual
- less time
- less effort
- more offsrping
disadvantages of asexual
- all offspring is identical
enbironemntal changes could be deathly - one disease could wipe out whole colony
sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is when 2 parents combine together through conception to make offspring
male parts of a flower
stamen, filament and anther
femal parts of a flower
carpel, stigam, style, ovary
pollination
Pollination is when pollen grains stick on the sticky stigma
fertilizaion in flowers
Fertilisation takes place inside the ovary when the nucleas of a pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule
self pollination
Self pollination is when the pollen grain lands on the stigma of the own flower.
cross pollination
. Cross pollination is when pollen lands on the stigma of a different flower, mixing genetic material
hermaphoridtes
Hermaphrodites contain both male and female reproductive organs eg tapeworms
external fertilization
Its when the female gametes get fertilisezd out of the females body. Fish go through external fertilization.
testes
a. Testes produce sperm to be ejaculated and sit in the scrotum. Also produce the hormone testosterone.
scrotum
b. Scrotum the sac that holds the testes protecting them
epididmys
c. Epididymis long coiled tube that is on each testicle that carries and stores sperm cells and works to mature the sperm
sperm duct (vas defrens)
d. Vas deferens (sperm duct) muscular tube traveling from epididymis to urethra that transports mature sperm for ejaculation
seminal vesciles
e. Seminal vesicles add fluid to the sperm containing sugars to give sperm energy
prostate gland
f. Prostate gland also add fluid to the sperm to allow sperm to swim more freely
penis
g. Penis the male organ that allows ejaculate when erected and urine to pass
urethra
h. Urethra inside of the penis taking urine from the bladder to the outside of body and in males, also ejaculate
ova
i. Ova the female gamete that is also known as an egg and when fertilised, becomes zygote
ovaries
j. Ovaries where the ova are produced and release one ova per month and they form in a capsule called a follicle
fallopian tubes
k. Fallopian tubes carry the egg from the ovary when is where fertilization occurs. The egg then implants into endometrium.
uterus
l. Uterus where the egg is carried to in order to grow into a foetus and swell up to many times its size. It is a thick-walled muscular organ
endometruim
m. Endometrium a thick lining in the uterus where the egg gets implanted. It gets thickened each month preparing or pregnancy and when it doesn’t occur, it sheds with blood through menstruation.
cervix
n. Cervix a tight ring of muscle that closes tightly to keep the uterus closed and when pregnant so that baby doesn’t fall out. opens up at birth
vagina
o. Vagina a muscular tube starting from the cevix to the outside of body where pensi is inserted and carries the sperm.
testosterone function and where it comes from?
Testosterone is produced from the testes and helps mature sperm
main female reproductive hormones
Estrogen causes the uterus lining to grow thicker with increased blood supply. Progesterone helps thicken lining of uterus to prepare for an egg. Luteal hormone makes the egg burst out of the follicle this is called ovulation. Follicle stimulating hormone causes the follicle to mature
- What is the male gamete? Where are they produced? When are they produced?
The male gamete is sperm cells, and they are produced in the testes. They are made when a male reaches sexual maturity through puberty and when experiencing his first ejaculation
- What is the female gamete? Where are they produced? When are they produced?
Female gametes are ova or eggs produced in the ovaries. They are produced during puberty every month during mensturation
sexual maturity
Sexual maturity is when an organism is prepared to reproduce sexually. The capability of an organism to reproduce.
- What are some changes that occur for males during puberty?
broad shoulders, facial hair, deeper voice, penis enlargement, testes enlargement
- What are some changes that occur for females during puberty?
Wider hips, pubic hair, oily skin, larger vagina, breast development
- What are some changes that occur for both males and females during puberty?
Oily skin, pubic hair, voice deepens, acne heigh increases, smell
4 phases if mensturation
mentruation phase
follicluar phase
ovulation phase
luteal phase
menstruation phase
The menstruation phase occurs after hormone levels dropped at end of perivous cycle signaling blood and tissue lining uterus to break down and shed wit bleeding lasting about 5 days.
follicluar phase
He follicular phase is usually by day 7 when bleeding has stopped. Hormones cause fluid filled pockets called follicles to develop on ovaries containg an egg. Between day 7 and day 14, one follicle will continue to develop.
ovulation phase
The ovulation phase is around day 14 where the mature follicle burst and release egg from ovary called ovulation
luteal phase
the luteal phase is The lining of uterus thickens waiting for implantation and over the next few days, egg travels down from fallopian tubes down to uterus.
- When does the menstrual cycle usually start in the lifespan and when does it usually stop occurring?
It usually starts at 12 to 14 years old and usyally stops when youre 40 of 50
placenta?
The placenta grows on the uterus during pregnancy and it is what attcathes the umbilical cord from the mother to the baby passing oxygen and nutrients.
gestation?
Gestation Is the period in which the foetus develops which usually takes 38 weeks
labour?
Labour is divided into 3 stages. The first stage is the dilation of the cervix, the second stage is the birth of the baby, and the third stage is the delivery of the placenta.
- What are the 3 stages of birth? What occurs at each stage.
The 1st stage is pain in the admonen which is the cervix contracting called dilation and they get more painful and closer together. The amniotic sac burts and then the 2nd stage Is babys head begins to pass through the cervixand is born. The umbilical cord is cut and the placenta expels from mothers body called afterbitrht.
stamen
male part of the flower consisting of anther help up by the filament
anther
produces male gametes (pollen grains)
filament
thread like stme that holds up the anther
carpel
female parts of the flower consisting of stigma, style and ovary
stigma
top of the female part of a flower that collects the pollen grains.
style
long stalk connecting stigma to ovary and also where pollen travels down to ovary
ovary
bottom of female part of flower producing female gametes and where fertlization occurs
puberty
the time in which physical changes occur leading to sexual maturity
