Repro: Male And Female Flashcards
Where is the pelvic floor?
Pelvic outlet
If a structure needs to go from the pelvic cavity to the perineal region, where does it pass through?
Out the greater sciatic notch and back in through the lesser sciatic notch
What is the false pelvis bound by?
Posteriorly: lumbar vertebrae
Laterally: iliac fossae and iliacus muscle
Anteriorly: pubic arch
What is the pelvic outlet bound by?
Posteriorly: coccyx
Laterally: ischial tuberosities
Anteriorly: pubic arch
What connects the bottom part of the sacrum to the coccyx?
Sacrotuberous ligament
What are the three notches in the pelvis?
Pubic arch, sciatic tuberosities
What do ligaments divide the sciatic notches into?
Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in males?
Heart shaped
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in females?
Oval
What is the angle of the pubic arch in males?
50-60
What is the angle of the pubic arch in females?
80-85
If a structure wants to pass to the lower limb, where does it exit the pelvis?
Through the obturator foramen
What is a raphe?
Thick fibrous structure running from the bottom of the vertebral column forwards
Where do the levator ani muscles attach?
Posterior pubis
Linea thickening over the obturator internus
Spine of ischium
What are the two levator ani muscles subdivided into?
Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
Where does the pubococcygeus run?
Pubis to coccyx
Where does the iliococcygeus run?
Ileum to coccyx
Where does the coccygeus muscle attach?
Sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
What are the functions of the pelvic floor?
Supports the pelvic viscera
Separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum
Why is the pelvic floor incomplete anteriorly?
To allow the passage of the urethra and vagina
What forms the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani, coccyges and their fascial coverings
What is the perineal body?
Fibromuscular mass of tissue that lies between the rectum and vagina
What is the function of the perineal body?
Continence, maintaining the position of structures in the perineum and muscles attach to it
What can damage to the perineal body cause?
Prolapse of the uterus and vagina or rectal prolapse
When may the perineal body become damaged?
Childbirth
Where is the anococcygeal muscle attached?
Base of the coccyx
What muscle attaches to the anococcygeal body?
Iliococcygeus muscle
What is the pubovaginalis muscle called in males?
Levator prostatae
Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach?
Sacrum and ischeal spine
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach?
Sacrum and ischeal tuberosity
What does the external iliac artery pass under when it becomes the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
Where does the internal iliac artery bifocate?
At the superior border of the greater sciatic foramen
What does the internal iliac artery bifocate into?
Anterior and posterior trunk
What does the umbilical artery become in adults?
Medial umbilical fold
What does the umbilical artery give rise to?
Superior vesical artery
What does the superior vesical artery supply blood to?
The bladder
What does the obturator artery arise from?
Anterior branch of the iliac artery
Where does the obturator artery pass through?
Obturator foramen
What does the obturator artery supply?
The muscles of the thigh
What is the inferior vesical artery called in females?
Vaginal artery
What does the inferior vesical artery supply?
Base of bladder, prostate gland and vas deferens
Where does the middle rectal artery travel and why?
Medially to support the distal part of the rectum
What does the middle rectal artery anastomose with?
Superior rectal branch and inferior rectal artery
What does the internal pudendal artery supply?
Structures of the perineum
Where does the internal pudendal artery pass through?
Greater sciatic foramen and into the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen
What does one branch of the internal pudendal artery form?
The dorsal artery of the penis
What does the dorsal artery of the penis supply?
Penile erectile tissue
What is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk?
Inferior gluteal artery
Where does the inferior gluteal artery emerge?
Below the peritonis muscle
What does the inferior gluteal artery supply?
Gluteal region and hip joints
What does the uterine artery supply?
Uterus and cervix
What does the uterine artery anastamose with?
Ovarian artery
What are the three major branches of the posterior internal iliac artery?
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral branch and superior gluteal artery
What does the iliolumbar artery split into?
Iliac branch and lumbar branch
What does the iliolumbar artery supply?
Part of the posterior abdominal wall
Where does the lateral sacral branch run?
Along the sacral spine
What muscles can change the surface area of the scrotum?
Dartos and crematorium muscles
Why does one testis lie lower than the other in the scrotum?
To avoid compression
Where does the vas deferens pass through?
Inguinal canal
What is the spermatic cord formed of?
A collection of vessels, nerves and ducts
What is spermatic fascia?
Layers of the anterior abdominal wall that surround the spermatic cord because of the descent of the testes
What is testicular torsion?
Rotation of the testis and the spermatic cord within the scrotum
What are the causes of testicular torsion?
Inadequate fixture of the testis to the scrotum,
excessively large tuncica vaginalis
Sporting activity
What is another name for the spermatic fascia?
Tunica vaginalis
What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?
Severe scrotal pain
Testis higher than normal
Fever
Absence of cremasteric reflex
What is the cremasteric reflex?
Spinal reflex that pulls the testis back towards the body
How can you diagnose testicular torsion?
From the presenting symptoms or an ultrasound if the diagnosis is unclear
What are the complications of testicular torsion?
If not treated quickly, the testicular artery may become occluded, leading to ischaemia and eventually necrosis of the testis
What is the treatment for testicular torsion?
Manual or surgical rotation
How is the ovary connected to the lateral wall of the uterus?
Round ligament of the ovary
Where do the ovaries sit?
Ovarian fossa in the lateral wall of the pelvis
What is the vaginal lumen divided into?
Anterior, posterior and 2 lateral fornicles
Where is the vaginal lumen found?
Surrounding the cervix
What is the space between the internal and external os called?
Cervical canal
What is anteversion?
Long axis of the uterus is bent forwards on the long axis of the vagina
What is anteflexion?
Long axis of the Uterus body is bent forward with the long axis of the cervix
What are the subdivisions of the broad ligament?
Mesometrium, mesovarium and mesoalpine
What does the mesoalpine cover?
The uterine tube
What does the mesovarium cover?
The hilum of the ovary and encloses the Neurovasculature for the ovary
What does the mesometrium cover?
Uterus
What causes the onset of labour?
Unknown, but sensitive to oxytocin and possibly to do with the sudden withdrawal of progesterone
What happens in an emergency C-section?
Bladder is emptied and a catheter inserted
incision into the anterior abdominal wall and peritoneum is mobilised out of the way
Incision into the floor of the uterovesical pouch to separate the bladder from the uterine body
Small (2.5cm) transverse incision into the uterus to release amniotic fluid
Uterine incision enlarged
Delivery of foetus
