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Anatomy 2 > Repro: Male And Female > Flashcards

Repro: Male And Female Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic outlet

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2
Q

If a structure needs to go from the pelvic cavity to the perineal region, where does it pass through?

A

Out the greater sciatic notch and back in through the lesser sciatic notch

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3
Q

What is the false pelvis bound by?

A

Posteriorly: lumbar vertebrae
Laterally: iliac fossae and iliacus muscle
Anteriorly: pubic arch

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4
Q

What is the pelvic outlet bound by?

A

Posteriorly: coccyx
Laterally: ischial tuberosities
Anteriorly: pubic arch

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5
Q

What connects the bottom part of the sacrum to the coccyx?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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6
Q

What are the three notches in the pelvis?

A

Pubic arch, sciatic tuberosities

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7
Q

What do ligaments divide the sciatic notches into?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramina

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8
Q

What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in males?

A

Heart shaped

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9
Q

What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in females?

A

Oval

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10
Q

What is the angle of the pubic arch in males?

A

50-60

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11
Q

What is the angle of the pubic arch in females?

A

80-85

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12
Q

If a structure wants to pass to the lower limb, where does it exit the pelvis?

A

Through the obturator foramen

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13
Q

What is a raphe?

A

Thick fibrous structure running from the bottom of the vertebral column forwards

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14
Q

Where do the levator ani muscles attach?

A

Posterior pubis
Linea thickening over the obturator internus
Spine of ischium

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15
Q

What are the two levator ani muscles subdivided into?

A

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

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16
Q

Where does the pubococcygeus run?

A

Pubis to coccyx

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17
Q

Where does the iliococcygeus run?

A

Ileum to coccyx

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18
Q

Where does the coccygeus muscle attach?

A

Sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine

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19
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A

Supports the pelvic viscera

Separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum

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20
Q

Why is the pelvic floor incomplete anteriorly?

A

To allow the passage of the urethra and vagina

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21
Q

What forms the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani, coccyges and their fascial coverings

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22
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Fibromuscular mass of tissue that lies between the rectum and vagina

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23
Q

What is the function of the perineal body?

A

Continence, maintaining the position of structures in the perineum and muscles attach to it

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24
Q

What can damage to the perineal body cause?

A

Prolapse of the uterus and vagina or rectal prolapse

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25
Q

When may the perineal body become damaged?

A

Childbirth

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26
Q

Where is the anococcygeal muscle attached?

A

Base of the coccyx

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27
Q

What muscle attaches to the anococcygeal body?

A

Iliococcygeus muscle

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28
Q

What is the pubovaginalis muscle called in males?

A

Levator prostatae

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29
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach?

A

Sacrum and ischeal spine

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30
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach?

A

Sacrum and ischeal tuberosity

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31
Q

What does the external iliac artery pass under when it becomes the femoral artery?

A

Inguinal ligament

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32
Q

Where does the internal iliac artery bifocate?

A

At the superior border of the greater sciatic foramen

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33
Q

What does the internal iliac artery bifocate into?

A

Anterior and posterior trunk

34
Q

What does the umbilical artery become in adults?

A

Medial umbilical fold

35
Q

What does the umbilical artery give rise to?

A

Superior vesical artery

36
Q

What does the superior vesical artery supply blood to?

A

The bladder

37
Q

What does the obturator artery arise from?

A

Anterior branch of the iliac artery

38
Q

Where does the obturator artery pass through?

A

Obturator foramen

39
Q

What does the obturator artery supply?

A

The muscles of the thigh

40
Q

What is the inferior vesical artery called in females?

A

Vaginal artery

41
Q

What does the inferior vesical artery supply?

A

Base of bladder, prostate gland and vas deferens

42
Q

Where does the middle rectal artery travel and why?

A

Medially to support the distal part of the rectum

43
Q

What does the middle rectal artery anastomose with?

A

Superior rectal branch and inferior rectal artery

44
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

Structures of the perineum

45
Q

Where does the internal pudendal artery pass through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen and into the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen

46
Q

What does one branch of the internal pudendal artery form?

A

The dorsal artery of the penis

47
Q

What does the dorsal artery of the penis supply?

A

Penile erectile tissue

48
Q

What is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

49
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal artery emerge?

A

Below the peritonis muscle

50
Q

What does the inferior gluteal artery supply?

A

Gluteal region and hip joints

51
Q

What does the uterine artery supply?

A

Uterus and cervix

52
Q

What does the uterine artery anastamose with?

A

Ovarian artery

53
Q

What are the three major branches of the posterior internal iliac artery?

A

Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral branch and superior gluteal artery

54
Q

What does the iliolumbar artery split into?

A

Iliac branch and lumbar branch

55
Q

What does the iliolumbar artery supply?

A

Part of the posterior abdominal wall

56
Q

Where does the lateral sacral branch run?

A

Along the sacral spine

57
Q

What muscles can change the surface area of the scrotum?

A

Dartos and crematorium muscles

58
Q

Why does one testis lie lower than the other in the scrotum?

A

To avoid compression

59
Q

Where does the vas deferens pass through?

A

Inguinal canal

60
Q

What is the spermatic cord formed of?

A

A collection of vessels, nerves and ducts

61
Q

What is spermatic fascia?

A

Layers of the anterior abdominal wall that surround the spermatic cord because of the descent of the testes

62
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Rotation of the testis and the spermatic cord within the scrotum

63
Q

What are the causes of testicular torsion?

A

Inadequate fixture of the testis to the scrotum,
excessively large tuncica vaginalis
Sporting activity

64
Q

What is another name for the spermatic fascia?

A

Tunica vaginalis

65
Q

What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?

A

Severe scrotal pain
Testis higher than normal
Fever
Absence of cremasteric reflex

66
Q

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A

Spinal reflex that pulls the testis back towards the body

67
Q

How can you diagnose testicular torsion?

A

From the presenting symptoms or an ultrasound if the diagnosis is unclear

68
Q

What are the complications of testicular torsion?

A

If not treated quickly, the testicular artery may become occluded, leading to ischaemia and eventually necrosis of the testis

69
Q

What is the treatment for testicular torsion?

A

Manual or surgical rotation

70
Q

How is the ovary connected to the lateral wall of the uterus?

A

Round ligament of the ovary

71
Q

Where do the ovaries sit?

A

Ovarian fossa in the lateral wall of the pelvis

72
Q

What is the vaginal lumen divided into?

A

Anterior, posterior and 2 lateral fornicles

73
Q

Where is the vaginal lumen found?

A

Surrounding the cervix

74
Q

What is the space between the internal and external os called?

A

Cervical canal

75
Q

What is anteversion?

A

Long axis of the uterus is bent forwards on the long axis of the vagina

76
Q

What is anteflexion?

A

Long axis of the Uterus body is bent forward with the long axis of the cervix

77
Q

What are the subdivisions of the broad ligament?

A

Mesometrium, mesovarium and mesoalpine

78
Q

What does the mesoalpine cover?

A

The uterine tube

79
Q

What does the mesovarium cover?

A

The hilum of the ovary and encloses the Neurovasculature for the ovary

80
Q

What does the mesometrium cover?

A

Uterus

81
Q

What causes the onset of labour?

A

Unknown, but sensitive to oxytocin and possibly to do with the sudden withdrawal of progesterone

82
Q

What happens in an emergency C-section?

A

Bladder is emptied and a catheter inserted
incision into the anterior abdominal wall and peritoneum is mobilised out of the way
Incision into the floor of the uterovesical pouch to separate the bladder from the uterine body
Small (2.5cm) transverse incision into the uterus to release amniotic fluid
Uterine incision enlarged
Delivery of foetus

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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