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Anatomy 2 > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body

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2
Q

What is the function of the neuroglia?

A

Separate and protect neurons and provide a supportive framework

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3
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A

integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. Also higher cognitive functions (intelligence, memory, learning and emotion)

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4
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Delivers sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

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5
Q

What is the function of the afferent PNS?

A

Brings sensation into the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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6
Q

What is the function of the efferent PNS?

A

Carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands

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7
Q

Where do cranial nerves come from?

A

Brainstem

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8
Q

Where do spinal nerves come from?

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

What does the somatic nervous system innervate?

A

Musculoskeletal structures and sensory organs of the skin

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10
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

Smooth muscles and glands

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11
Q

What divisions is the autonomic nervous system split into?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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12
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves come from in the spinal cord?

A

Only thoracic and lumbar

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13
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves come from in the spinal cord?

A

Only cranial and sacral

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord continuous with?

A

Medulla oblongata

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15
Q

What is the cone-shaped swelling at the bottom of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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16
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2

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17
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The splaying of spinal nerves at the bottom of the spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin, fibrous strand that attaches the end of the spinal cord to the sacrum

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19
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites and proximal parts of axons and neurons

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20
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

An abundance of myelinated axons which run in tracts carrying signals from one part of the CNS to another

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21
Q

What shape is the spinal cord grey matter in cross section?

A

Butterfly shaped

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22
Q

What makes up the spinal cord grey matter?

A

Two posterior (dorsal) and two anterior (ventral) horns

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23
Q

What is the function of the two dorsal horns in the spinal cord?

A

Receive sensory information

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24
Q

What is present in the two ventral horns in the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons

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25
Q

Where are the ventral horns found?

A

Only in the thoracolumbar region

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26
Q

Why are the ventral horns only found in the thoracolumbar region?

A

Thats where the sympathetic nervous system is

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27
Q

Where is the most spinal cord grey matter found?

A

In the cervical and lumbar regions where motor control of limbs is the greatest

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28
Q

What does spinal cord white matter contain?

A

Axons that move up and down the cord

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29
Q

What are the spinal cord white matter axon bundles arranged in?

A

Three pairs called columns (or funiculi)

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30
Q

What are the names of the spinal cord white matter axon bundles?

A

Posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral) and lateral

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31
Q

What do the ascending tracts of spinal cord white matter carry?

A

Sensory info up the cord

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32
Q

What do the descending tracts of spinal cord white matter carry?

A

Motor impulses down the cord

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33
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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34
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do you have?

A

12

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35
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do you have?

A

31

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36
Q

Where does the first pair of spinal nerves pass?

A

Between the skull and C1

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37
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

8

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38
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

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39
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

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40
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5

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41
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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42
Q

What are the types of spinal nerve?

A

Motor, sensory and autonomic fibres

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43
Q

What are the two roots of spinal nerves called?

A

Ventral and dorsal

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44
Q

What do the ventral roots of spinal nerves contain?

A

Efferent nerve fibres carrying motor neurons

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45
Q

What do the dorsal root of spinal nerves contain?

A

Afferent nerve fibres carrying sensory neurons

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46
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the dorsal root located?

A

Ganglion

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47
Q

What do both the ventral and dorsal roots converge to form?

A

Mixed spinal nerve

48
Q

What does the mixed spinal nerve split into?

A

Dorsal and ventral ramus

49
Q

Where does the dorsal ramus travel to?

A

Muscles and skin in the region of the back

50
Q

Where does the ventral ramus travel to?

A

Anterior and lateral muscles and skin of the trunk

51
Q

What does the ventral ramus give rise to?

A

Nerves of the limbs

52
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A skin area supplied by the sensory fibres of a single nerve root

53
Q

Why are dermatomes useful?

A

Helpful in localising pathologies

54
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibres of a single nerve root

55
Q

What are the 5 spinal plexuses?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

56
Q

What merges to form nerve plexuses?

A

Ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves

57
Q

What type of fibres make up the nerve plexuses?

A

Sensory and motor fibres

58
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

Pectoral girdle and upper limb

59
Q

Where do the nerves of the brachial plexus originate from?

A

Roots, trunks, cords and branches

60
Q

Where does the nerves of the brachial plexus come from?

A

Spinal nerves C5-T1

61
Q

Where do the nerves of the brachial plexus pass through?

A

The triangles of the neck, between anterior and medial scalene muscles

62
Q

What are the three trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

63
Q

What nerves converge to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C5 and C6

64
Q

What nerves converge to form the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

65
Q

What nerves converge to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8-T1

66
Q

What does each trunk of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

67
Q

What do the divisions of the trunks of the brachial plexus combine to form?

A

Lateral, posterior and medial cords

68
Q

What do the lateral, posterior and medial cords give rise to?

A

The major branches of the brachial plexus

69
Q

What are the major branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar and axillary

70
Q

Which spinal segments does the musculocutaneous nerve come from?

A

C5, 6 and 7

71
Q

What does the musculocutanous nerve innervate?

A

All three flexor muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

72
Q

What route does the musculocutanous nerve take?

A

Penetrates the coracobrachialis muscle and passes between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscle

73
Q

Which spinal segments does the median nerve come from?

A

C5,6,7,8 and T1

74
Q

Which spinal segments does the radial nerve come from?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1

75
Q

Which spinal segments does the ulnar nerve come from?

A

C7, 8 and T1

76
Q

Which spinal segments does the femoral nerve come from?

A

L2, 3 and 4

77
Q

Which spinal segments does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

L4-S3

78
Q

What route does the median nerve take?

A

Passes through the arm and into the forearm through the cubical fossa

79
Q

What route does the radial nerve take?

A

Enters the arm crossing the inferior margin of the teres major muscle
In the arm- passes diagonally from medial to lateral through the posterior compartment
Then passes anteriorly through the lateral intermuscular septum and enters the anterior compartment of the forearm

80
Q

What does the median nerve innervate?

A

Most of the muscles in the interior compartment of the forearm

81
Q

Which of the muscles in the interior compartment of the forearm does the median nerve NOT innervate?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus

82
Q

How does the median nerve continue to the hand?

A

Via the carpal tunnel

83
Q

What does the radial nerve bifocate into?

A

Deep and superficial

84
Q

What is the function of the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

Mainly motor

85
Q

What is the function of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?

A

Sensory

86
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

All muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm and sensory innervation to the skin on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm and dorsal lateral surface of the hand

87
Q

What route does the ulnar nerve take?

A

Passes through the arm and posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and into the anterior compartment of the forearm
Then down the medial side of the forearm between the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus
Then passes into the hand, superficial to the flexor retinaculum

88
Q

What does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

Skin and musculature of the lower limb

89
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus located?

A

Within the soas major muscle

90
Q

What is the lumbar plexus formed of?

A

The anterior rami of T12-L4

91
Q

What are the six major branches of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, ilio-inguinal and ilio-pogastric

92
Q

What route does the femoral nerve take?

A

Leaves the abdomen under the inguinal ligament to enter the anterior thigh compartment

93
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

All the muscles in the anterior thigh compartment and skin of the anterior thigh, antromedial side of the knee, medial side of the leg and medial side of the foot

94
Q

Which is the largest nerve of the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

95
Q

Which spinal nerves form the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

96
Q

What route does the sciatic nerve take?

A

Leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region and enters the posterior compartment of the thigh

97
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A 
Posterior muscles of the thigh, 
part of the adductor Magnus, 
all leg muscles, 
all foot muscles
skin on lateral side of leg and foot and sole of foot
98
Q

What branches does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A

Common fibular and tibial

99
Q

What are the spinal meninges?

A

Membranes that protect the spinal cord from the bony walls of the vertebral canal

100
Q

What do the spinal meninges form distally?

A

Phylum terminale

101
Q

What are the three layers of the spinal meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

102
Q

Which is the outermost mater?

A

Dura mater

103
Q

What lies between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal?

A

Epidural space

104
Q

What does the dura mater contain?

A

Areolar tissue, blood vessels and adipose tissues

105
Q

What does the dura mater fuse with?

A

The outer connective nerve covering

106
Q

Does the dura mater have a lot of attachments along the vertebral canal?

A

No

107
Q

What is the dura mater attached superiorly to?

A

The occipital bone

108
Q

What does the dura mater blend inferiorly with?

A

The filum terminale to form the coccygeal ligament

109
Q

What does the arachnoid mater consist of?

A

Arachnoid membrane and the arachnoid trabeculae

110
Q

What is the arachnoid mater made up of?

A

Delicate network of collagen and elastic fibres extend to the outer surface of the pia mater

111
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

A

Subarachnoid space

112
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

113
Q

What sort of attachment does the pia mater form?

A

Firmly bound to underlying neural tissue

114
Q

What runs along the surface of the pia mater?

A

Blood vessels servicing the spinal cord

115
Q

Where do ligaments extend from/to in the meninges?

A

From the pia mater through the arachnoid mater to the dura mater along the length of the spinal cord

116
Q

What are the meningeal ligaments called?

A

Denticulate ligaments

117
Q

What are the spinal meninges continuous with and where?

A

Cranial meninges at the foramen magnum

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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