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Anatomy 2 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the whole brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

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3
Q

Which is the largest area of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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4
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

Corpus callousum

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6
Q

What function is the cerebrum involved in?

A

Conscious thought processes and intellectual function,
memory storage, processing and retrieval
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

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7
Q

Where is the diencephalon found?

A

Very deep in the brain

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8
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Dorsal thalamus and the ventral hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the function of the dorsal thalamus?

A

Relay and processing centre

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10
Q

What is the ventral hypothalamus involved in?

A

Hormone production and emotional control

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11
Q

What are the regions of the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinated complex somatic motor patterns, maintains balance and refines learned movement patterns

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13
Q

What is the cortex made of?

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

What are the raised bits of the cortex called?

A

Gyri

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15
Q

What are the fissures in the Cortex called?

A

Sulci

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16
Q

What is the function of the gyri and sulci?

A

Increase brain surface area and subdivide it into lobes

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17
Q

What lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal

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18
Q

What lobes does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Frontal, parietal and temporal

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19
Q

What lobes does the parietooccipital sulcus separate?

A

Parietal and occipital

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20
Q

What is directly anterior to the central sulcus?

A

Prefrontal gyrus - primary motor area

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21
Q

What does the primary motor area control?

A

Voluntary movement

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22
Q

What is directly posterior to the central sulcus?

A

Primary sensory area - located on the post-central gyrus

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23
Q

What does the primary sensory area do?

A

Receives and interprets sensations

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24
Q

What is directly inferior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Primary auditory area- on the superior temporal gyrus

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25
Q

What is the primary auditory area involved in?

A

Reception and interpretation of sound

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26
Q

What is the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus called?

A

Wernickes area

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27
Q

What is wernicke’s area involved in?

A

Comprehension of speech

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28
Q

What is directly superior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Broca’s area (motor speech area)

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29
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Movements involved in speech

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30
Q

Where is the primary visual area located?

A

Posterior pole of the occipital lobe

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31
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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32
Q

Which part of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata

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33
Q

What connects the cerebellum and cerebrum?

A

Pons

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34
Q

What acts as a conduit between the forebrain and cerebellum?

A

Midbrain

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35
Q

What is the arterial supply of the brain?

A

Two internal carotid arteries, two vertebral arteries and the circle of Willis

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36
Q

What is the path of the internal carotid arteries?

A

Leave neck passing into cranial area through the carotid canal
Passes upwards and forwards into the cavernous venous sinus
Passes lateral to the optic chiasm

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37
Q

What is the path of the vertebral arteries?

A

Ascend through the foramen in the transverse process of the upper six cervical vertebrae
Enters cranial cavity through the foramen magnum and join together to form the basilar artery

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38
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries anastomose and what do they form?

A

Inferior surface of the brain to form the circle of Willis

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39
Q

What does the circle of Willis encircle?

A

Optic chiasm

40
Q

What does the circle of Willis provide?

A

Collateral blood flow between anterior and posterior brain that provides alternate blood flow to the hemispheres

41
Q

Why is the circle of willis important?

A

Prevents brain ischaemia

42
Q

What does ‘autoregulation of cerebral blood flow’ mean?

A

The ability of the brain to maintain relatively constant blood flow

43
Q

Why is the brains blood flow auto regulated?

A

Need for constant blood flow and water homeostasis

44
Q

What do reductions in cerebral blood flow stimulate?

A

Release of vasoactive substances from the brain that cause arterial dilation

45
Q

What do cerebral smooth muscle in arterioles constrict in response to?

A

Elevated pressure

46
Q

What are the two main causes of a stroke?

A

Ischaemia and haemorrhage

47
Q

What causes brain ischaemia?

A

Blood supply blocked due to a blood clot

48
Q

What causes a brain haemorrhage?

A

Weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursting

49
Q

What happens if there’s a stroke in the anterior cerebral bit of the brain?

A

Affects the primary motor cortex for lower limb and perineum of the contralateral side

50
Q

What does a blockage in the middle cerebral bit of brain lead to?

A

Loss of sensation and motor function everywhere but the lower limbs and perineum

51
Q

What does a blockage in the posterior cerebral bit of the brain lead to?

A

Visual field defects and memory loss

52
Q

What are the bits of cranial meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

53
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater called?

A

Endosteal (or periosteal) and meningeal

54
Q

Where is the periosteal layer of the dura mater?

A

Covers the skull

55
Q

What is the periosteum made of?

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of joints

56
Q

What does the meningeal layer cover?

A

Brain

57
Q

Where/ what is the cranial dura mater continuous with?

A

Through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord

58
Q

What do the septa of the cranial dura mater do?

A

Divide the cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces

59
Q

What are the functions of the cranial dura mater septa?

A

Contain the brain subdivisions and restrict rotary brain displacement

60
Q

What are the reflections of the dura mater?

A 
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch
Diaphragma sellae
61
Q

Where does the Falx cerebri lie?

A

Midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli?

A

Projects forward between the cerebellar hemispheres

63
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Over posterior cranial fossa,
upper surface of cerebellum
Supports the occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres

64
Q

What does the diaphragm sellae allow?

A

Passage of the infundibulum

65
Q

Where are the venous sinuses found?

A

Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

66
Q

What do the venous sinuses join together to form?

A

Internal jugular vein

67
Q

Where do the venous sinuses receive tributaries from?

A

Brain, skull bones, orbit and internal ear

68
Q

What are the three intracranial haemorrhages?

A

Extradural, subdural and subarachnoid

69
Q

What are intracranial haemorrhages the result of?

A

Trauma or cerebral vascular lesions

70
Q

Where are extradural intracranial haemorrhages?

A

Between the periosteal and meningeal dura mater

71
Q

What is a subdural intracranial haemorrhage?

A

Buildup of blood between the dura mater and subarachnoid mater

72
Q

What are subdural haemorrhages caused by?

A

A tearing of veins as they enter the superior saggital sinus

73
Q

What are subarachnoid haemorrhages caused by?

A

Leakage or rupture of the circle of Willis

74
Q

What happens if you have a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Severe headache -> loss of consciousness

75
Q

How do you diagnose a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Withdrawing heavily bloodstained CSF through a lumbar puncture

76
Q

What is the central canal?

A

CSF filled central passageway that extends along the spinal cord and brain

77
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Brain cushion,
buoyancy,
suitable environment for correct brain function
transport for nutrients and waste

78
Q

What is CSF?

A

Clear colourless fluid

79
Q

What forms the CSF?

A

Chorioid plexus

80
Q

Where does CSF circulate through?

A

Ventricular system

81
Q

How does CSF enter the bloodstream?

A

Passing through the arachnoid into the venous sinuses

82
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF

83
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Either overproduction of CSF or blockage of the ventricular system

84
Q

What happens in a neonatal skull with hydrocephalus?

A

Increased pressure forces unfused cranial bones apart, leading to cranial abnormalities as well as neurological complications

85
Q

What happens in a fused adult skull with hydrocephalus?

A

Leads to a dangerous rise in intracranial pressure

86
Q

What can you treat hydrocephalus with?

A

A shunt that drains CSF from the ventricular system into a body cavity where it can be reabsorbed

87
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum?

A

Olfactory (I) and optic (II)

88
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

Abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)

89
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla oblongata?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII)

90
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

Trochlear (IV)

91
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the junction between the midbrain and pons?

A

oculomotor (III)

92
Q

Where do the olfactory bulb and tract lie within?

A

The anterior cranial cortex

93
Q

What contains olfactory receptors?

A

Epithelial within the nasal cavity

94
Q

Which of the cranial nerves is surrounded by cranial meninges?

A

Optic nerve

95
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the skull through the jugular foramen?

A

Vagus, glossopharyngeal and accessory

96
Q

Which is the longest cranial nerve in the body?

A

Vagus

97
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Skin of external acoustic Meatus, internal surfaces of laryngopharynx and larynx

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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