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Anatomy 2 > Musculoskeletal System: The Skeleton > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System: The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does a newborn have?

A

350

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2
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, movemement, protection, storage of minerals and blood cell production

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4
Q

What is the support purpose of the skeleton?

A

Structural and as a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs

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5
Q

What is the movement functions of the skeleton?

A

Attachment of skeletal muscle to bones either side of joints enables movement

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6
Q

What are the protective functions of the skeleton?

A

Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by bone for protection

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7
Q

What is the mineral storage function of the skeleton?

A

Lipids are important for energy reserves and calcium salts are important for maintaining normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids

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8
Q

What is an epiphysis?

A

Rounded bit at the end of the bone that contributes to a joint

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9
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A

Long bones containing the growth plate

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10
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow part of bone containing bone marrow

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11
Q

What is a synonym for the Epiphysial line?

A

Cartilage plate

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12
Q

What are the only cell types that are found in healthy cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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13
Q

What do chondrocytes mainly produce?

A

The cartilaginous matrix (made of collagen)

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14
Q

Does cartilage have a vascular supply?

A

No

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15
Q

How does cartilage get its blood supply?

A

From the vasculated tissue around it

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16
Q

What happens in the first stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocytes increase in size while the matrix calcifies around them, so they apoptose

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17
Q

What happens in the third stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage becomes vasculated and is replaced by trabecular bone.
Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

What happens in the second stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium and cells differentiate into osteoblasts

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The bit around the edge of the cartilage shaft

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20
Q

What is a primary ossification centre?

A

Where the cartilage matrix is replaced by trabecular bone first

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21
Q

What happens in the fourth stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Wave of ossification spreads towards the end of long bone
Osteoclasts adsorb bone, leaving a marrow cavity
Bone grows inwards forming the compact bone

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22
Q

What happens in the fifth stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the epiphyses and ossification begins

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Allows interstitial growth in bone

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24
Q

What is an articular centre?

A

Articulates with cartilage from another bone and prevents bone on bone articulations

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25
Q

How do genetic factors affect bone development?

A

The overall shape and dimensions of a bone are shaped genetically

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26
Q

How does activity affect bone development?

A

Bone adapts to meet functional demands

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27
Q

How do nutritional factors affect bone development?

A

Availability of calcium, phosphate salts, vitamin A, C, D, K and B12

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28
Q

How do hormonal factors affect bone development?

A

Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone and Estrogen affect calcium levels and bone growth

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29
Q

How do pathological factors affect bone development?

A

Disease processes like infection, bone tumours and TB

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30
Q

How does age affect bone development?

A

Loss of calcium and the ability to use it can cause brittle bones which easily fracture

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31
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

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32
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Forms central supporting axis of the body

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33
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pubic girdle

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34
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone by shape?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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35
Q

What are the features of long bones?

A

Elongated tubular shafts, a central medullary cavity and expanded ends for articulation

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36
Q

What are some examples of long bone?

A

Femur, humerus and tibia

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37
Q

What are the features of short bones?

A

Thin outer shell of compact bone with a completely trabecular interior

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38
Q

What are the features of flat bones?

A

Two shells of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone

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39
Q

What are the features of irregular bones?

A

Anything that doesn’t fit into any other category

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40
Q

What are the features of sesamoid bones?

A

Found in tendons

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41
Q

Give some examples of short bones

A

Carpal bones of the hand and tarsus bones in the foot

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42
Q

Give some examples of flat bones

A

Frontal and parietal bone, sternum and ribs

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43
Q

Give some examples of irregular bones

A

Sphenoid bone of the skull

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44
Q

Give some examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella

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45
Q

Where is the proximal end of the bone?

A

Closest to trunk

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46
Q

Where is the neck of a bone?

A

Narrowing where the shaft meets the epiphysis

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47
Q

Where is the distal end of the bone?

A

Furthest from the trunk

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48
Q

What is an articular surface of a bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage that provides wear-resistant lubricated surface to allow two bones to come together

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49
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Curved articular surface

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50
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

Jutting out from the side of an articular condyle

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51
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

32-33

52
Q

What are the 5 vertebral regions and how many vertebrae are in each?

A 
Cervical (7) 
Thoracic (12) 
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae)
53
Q

What is a primary vertebral curve?

A

Present from birth

54
Q

What is a secondary vertebral curve?

A

Develops months after birth

55
Q

Why do the secondary vertebral curves develop?

A

Produces an s-shaped spine that allows for bipedal walking by ensuring the head is balanced over the bodies centre of gravity

56
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

57
Q

Where does scoliosis happen most commonly?

A

Thoracic region

58
Q

What causes scoliosis?

A

Developmental, in which the body and arch of vertebrae fail to develop on one side

59
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

60
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

61
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

62
Q

How many auditory ossicles are there?

A

6

63
Q

What is the function of the mastoid process?

A

Attachment points for muscles of the head like the sternoclaidomastoid muscle

64
Q

What is the function of the sternoclaidomastoid muscle?

A

Turning the head to the side

65
Q

Where does the mandible articulate with the temporal lobe?

A

Temoporomandibular point

66
Q

What is the opening in the occipital bone called and what is its function?

A

Foramen magnum, where the spinal cord passes

67
Q

What are cranial sutures?

A

Fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull

68
Q

What does the coronal suture fuse?

A

Frontal and two parietal bones

69
Q

What does the lambdoid suture fuse?

A

Occipital bone with two parietal bones

70
Q

What does the Sagittal suture fuse?

A

Two parietal bones

71
Q

What does the squamous suture fuse?

A

Parietal bone and squamous part of the temporal bone

72
Q

What does the parietomastoid suture fuse?

A

Parietal bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone

73
Q

What does the occipitomastoid suture fuse?

A

Occipital bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone

74
Q

What does the sphenosquamous suture fuse?

A

Sphenoid bone and squamous part of the temporal bone

75
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Junction of sphenoid, temporal, parietal and frontal bone

76
Q

What is the highest part of the skull called?

A

Vertex

77
Q

What is it called where the saggital and coronal sutures meet?

A

Bregma

78
Q

What is it called where the saggital and lambdoid sutures meet?

A

Lambda

79
Q

What is the asterion?

A

Junction of the parietal temporal and occipital bone

80
Q

What shape is the pterion?

A

H shaped

81
Q

Where is the weakest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

82
Q

When does the anterior Fontanelle close?

A

Between 13 and 24 months

83
Q

When does the posterior Fontanelle close?

A

6-8 weeks

84
Q

What is the function of a Fontanelle?

A

Allows for growth of brain and head structures

85
Q

How many pairs of ribs do you have?

A

12

86
Q

Which are the typical ribs?

A

3-10

87
Q

Which are the atypical ribs?

A

1, 2, 11 and 12

88
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

Clavicle and scapula

89
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A

Supports upper limb and connects it to the axial skeleton

90
Q

How many segments does the upper limb have and what are they called?

A

3 - arm (proper), forearm and hand

91
Q

What bone(s) are found in the arm?

A

Humerus

92
Q

Where does the humerus articulate?

A

Glenohumoral joint and elbow joint

93
Q

What bone(s) are found in the forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

94
Q

Where do the radius and ulna articulate?

A

Elbow joint, wrist joint and the radioulnar joint

95
Q

What does the radioulnar joint allow for?

A

Pronation and supination

96
Q

How many carpal bones do we have and how are they arranged?

A

8 (two rows of four)

97
Q

How many metacarpals do we have?

A

5

98
Q

How many phalanges do we have and where are they found?

A

14- fingers

99
Q

How many phalanges are found in each finger?

A

3 - proximal, middle and distal portion apart from thumb that only has a distal and middle

100
Q

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

A

Supports lower limb and connects it to the axial skeleton

101
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

A

Hipbones on each side and the sacrum and coccyx

102
Q

How many segments are found in the lower limb and what are they called?

A

3- femur, crura and foot

103
Q

What bone(s) are found in the femur?

A

Femur and patella

104
Q

What bone(s) are found in the crural leg segment?

A

Tibia and fibula

105
Q

What bone(s) are found in the foot and how many of each?

A

7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges

106
Q

What are the two main joint classifications?

A

Functional and structural

107
Q

What are the functional classifications of a joint?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

108
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A

Fixed

109
Q

What is an amphiarthrotic joint?

A

Slightly moveable

110
Q

What is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint?

A

Pubic joint

111
Q

What is a diarthrotic joint?

A

Freely moveable

112
Q

What is an example of a diarthrotic joint?

A

Elbow or knee

113
Q

What are the structural classifications of a joint?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

114
Q

What is an example of a fibrotic joint?

A

Skull

115
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Pubic bones

116
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

Elbow/knee

117
Q

What does the joint cavity of a synovial joint contain?

A

Synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

118
Q

What makes up the articular capsule?

A

Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

119
Q

What are the types of synovial joint?

A

Hinge, ball and socket, pivot, saddle, gliding, condylar

120
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow/ fingers

121
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder/ hip

122
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Rotation, neck

123
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Thumb - carpalmetacarpal

124
Q

Give an example of a gliding joint

A

Carpals

125
Q

Give an example of a condylar joint

A

Metacarpal-phalyngeal joints

126
Q

What causes condylar joints?

A

Oval-shaped articular surfaces

127
Q

What causes gliding joints?

A

Flat surface and a sliding movement

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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