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Anatomy 2 > Musculoskeletal System: The Skeleton > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System: The Skeleton Flashcards

(127 cards)

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1
Q

How many bones does a newborn have?

A

350

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2
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, movemement, protection, storage of minerals and blood cell production

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4
Q

What is the support purpose of the skeleton?

A

Structural and as a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs

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5
Q

What is the movement functions of the skeleton?

A

Attachment of skeletal muscle to bones either side of joints enables movement

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6
Q

What are the protective functions of the skeleton?

A

Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by bone for protection

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7
Q

What is the mineral storage function of the skeleton?

A

Lipids are important for energy reserves and calcium salts are important for maintaining normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids

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8
Q

What is an epiphysis?

A

Rounded bit at the end of the bone that contributes to a joint

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9
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A

Long bones containing the growth plate

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10
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow part of bone containing bone marrow

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11
Q

What is a synonym for the Epiphysial line?

A

Cartilage plate

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12
Q

What are the only cell types that are found in healthy cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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13
Q

What do chondrocytes mainly produce?

A

The cartilaginous matrix (made of collagen)

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14
Q

Does cartilage have a vascular supply?

A

No

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15
Q

How does cartilage get its blood supply?

A

From the vasculated tissue around it

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16
Q

What happens in the first stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocytes increase in size while the matrix calcifies around them, so they apoptose

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17
Q

What happens in the third stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage becomes vasculated and is replaced by trabecular bone.
Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

What happens in the second stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium and cells differentiate into osteoblasts

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The bit around the edge of the cartilage shaft

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20
Q

What is a primary ossification centre?

A

Where the cartilage matrix is replaced by trabecular bone first

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21
Q

What happens in the fourth stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Wave of ossification spreads towards the end of long bone
Osteoclasts adsorb bone, leaving a marrow cavity
Bone grows inwards forming the compact bone

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22
Q

What happens in the fifth stage of endochondral ossification?

A

Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the epiphyses and ossification begins

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Allows interstitial growth in bone

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24
Q

What is an articular centre?

A

Articulates with cartilage from another bone and prevents bone on bone articulations

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25
How do genetic factors affect bone development?
The overall shape and dimensions of a bone are shaped genetically
26
How does activity affect bone development?
Bone adapts to meet functional demands
27
How do nutritional factors affect bone development?
Availability of calcium, phosphate salts, vitamin A, C, D, K and B12
28
How do hormonal factors affect bone development?
Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone and Estrogen affect calcium levels and bone growth
29
How do pathological factors affect bone development?
Disease processes like infection, bone tumours and TB
30
How does age affect bone development?
Loss of calcium and the ability to use it can cause brittle bones which easily fracture
31
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
32
What is the axial skeleton?
Forms central supporting axis of the body
33
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pubic girdle
34
What are the 5 classifications of bone by shape?
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
35
What are the features of long bones?
Elongated tubular shafts, a central medullary cavity and expanded ends for articulation
36
What are some examples of long bone?
Femur, humerus and tibia
37
What are the features of short bones?
Thin outer shell of compact bone with a completely trabecular interior
38
What are the features of flat bones?
Two shells of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone
39
What are the features of irregular bones?
Anything that doesn't fit into any other category
40
What are the features of sesamoid bones?
Found in tendons
41
Give some examples of short bones
Carpal bones of the hand and tarsus bones in the foot
42
Give some examples of flat bones
Frontal and parietal bone, sternum and ribs
43
Give some examples of irregular bones
Sphenoid bone of the skull
44
Give some examples of sesamoid bones
Patella
45
Where is the proximal end of the bone?
Closest to trunk
46
Where is the neck of a bone?
Narrowing where the shaft meets the epiphysis
47
Where is the distal end of the bone?
Furthest from the trunk
48
What is an articular surface of a bone?
Hyaline cartilage that provides wear-resistant lubricated surface to allow two bones to come together
49
What is a condyle?
Curved articular surface
50
What is an epicondyle?
Jutting out from the side of an articular condyle
51
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
32-33
52
What are the 5 vertebral regions and how many vertebrae are in each?
``` Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae) ```
53
What is a primary vertebral curve?
Present from birth
54
What is a secondary vertebral curve?
Develops months after birth
55
Why do the secondary vertebral curves develop?
Produces an s-shaped spine that allows for bipedal walking by ensuring the head is balanced over the bodies centre of gravity
56
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
57
Where does scoliosis happen most commonly?
Thoracic region
58
What causes scoliosis?
Developmental, in which the body and arch of vertebrae fail to develop on one side
59
How many bones are in the skull?
22
60
How many cranial bones are there?
8
61
How many facial bones are there?
14
62
How many auditory ossicles are there?
6
63
What is the function of the mastoid process?
Attachment points for muscles of the head like the sternoclaidomastoid muscle
64
What is the function of the sternoclaidomastoid muscle?
Turning the head to the side
65
Where does the mandible articulate with the temporal lobe?
Temoporomandibular point
66
What is the opening in the occipital bone called and what is its function?
Foramen magnum, where the spinal cord passes
67
What are cranial sutures?
Fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull
68
What does the coronal suture fuse?
Frontal and two parietal bones
69
What does the lambdoid suture fuse?
Occipital bone with two parietal bones
70
What does the Sagittal suture fuse?
Two parietal bones
71
What does the squamous suture fuse?
Parietal bone and squamous part of the temporal bone
72
What does the parietomastoid suture fuse?
Parietal bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone
73
What does the occipitomastoid suture fuse?
Occipital bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone
74
What does the sphenosquamous suture fuse?
Sphenoid bone and squamous part of the temporal bone
75
What is the pterion?
Junction of sphenoid, temporal, parietal and frontal bone
76
What is the highest part of the skull called?
Vertex
77
What is it called where the saggital and coronal sutures meet?
Bregma
78
What is it called where the saggital and lambdoid sutures meet?
Lambda
79
What is the asterion?
Junction of the parietal temporal and occipital bone
80
What shape is the pterion?
H shaped
81
Where is the weakest part of the skull?
Pterion
82
When does the anterior Fontanelle close?
Between 13 and 24 months
83
When does the posterior Fontanelle close?
6-8 weeks
84
What is the function of a Fontanelle?
Allows for growth of brain and head structures
85
How many pairs of ribs do you have?
12
86
Which are the typical ribs?
3-10
87
Which are the atypical ribs?
1, 2, 11 and 12
88
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
Clavicle and scapula
89
What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
Supports upper limb and connects it to the axial skeleton
90
How many segments does the upper limb have and what are they called?
3 - arm (proper), forearm and hand
91
What bone(s) are found in the arm?
Humerus
92
Where does the humerus articulate?
Glenohumoral joint and elbow joint
93
What bone(s) are found in the forearm?
Radius and ulna
94
Where do the radius and ulna articulate?
Elbow joint, wrist joint and the radioulnar joint
95
What does the radioulnar joint allow for?
Pronation and supination
96
How many carpal bones do we have and how are they arranged?
8 (two rows of four)
97
How many metacarpals do we have?
5
98
How many phalanges do we have and where are they found?
14- fingers
99
How many phalanges are found in each finger?
3 - proximal, middle and distal portion apart from thumb that only has a distal and middle
100
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Supports lower limb and connects it to the axial skeleton
101
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
Hipbones on each side and the sacrum and coccyx
102
How many segments are found in the lower limb and what are they called?
3- femur, crura and foot
103
What bone(s) are found in the femur?
Femur and patella
104
What bone(s) are found in the crural leg segment?
Tibia and fibula
105
What bone(s) are found in the foot and how many of each?
7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges
106
What are the two main joint classifications?
Functional and structural
107
What are the functional classifications of a joint?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
108
What is a synarthrosis joint?
Fixed
109
What is an amphiarthrotic joint?
Slightly moveable
110
What is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint?
Pubic joint
111
What is a diarthrotic joint?
Freely moveable
112
What is an example of a diarthrotic joint?
Elbow or knee
113
What are the structural classifications of a joint?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
114
What is an example of a fibrotic joint?
Skull
115
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Pubic bones
116
What is an example of a synovial joint?
Elbow/knee
117
What does the joint cavity of a synovial joint contain?
Synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
118
What makes up the articular capsule?
Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
119
What are the types of synovial joint?
Hinge, ball and socket, pivot, saddle, gliding, condylar
120
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow/ fingers
121
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulder/ hip
122
Give an example of a pivot joint
Rotation, neck
123
Give an example of a saddle joint
Thumb - carpalmetacarpal
124
Give an example of a gliding joint
Carpals
125
Give an example of a condylar joint
Metacarpal-phalyngeal joints
126
What causes condylar joints?
Oval-shaped articular surfaces
127
What causes gliding joints?
Flat surface and a sliding movement

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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