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Anatomy 2 > Musculoskeletal System: The Muscles > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System: The Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Specialised tissue that contracts when stimulated to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs or fluids

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2
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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3
Q

Where would you find cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardial layer of the heart

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4
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated, shorter than skeletal muscle, branched, connected by intercalated discs with a centrally located nucleus

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5
Q

Are smooth muscle cells innervated?

A

No

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6
Q

Give an example of smooth muscle that is innervated

A

Muscles in the iris

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7
Q

What may smooth muscle contract or relax in response to?

A

Chemicals, hormones, local O2 concentrations and physical factors (stretching/irritation)

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8
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

Sheets, bundles or sheaths, cells are bound together transmitting contractile forces and has a normal background level of activity

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9
Q

What control is skeletal muscle under?

A

Somatic/ voluntary control

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10
Q

What is the general structure of a skeletal muscle?

A

Origin, belly, insertion

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11
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found not on the skeleton?

A

Voluntary sphincters of the eyelids, urethra and anus, diaphragm, tongue and some muscles of the oesophagus

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12
Q

What are the features of myofibres?

A

Cylindrical, multinucleate, striated and packed with contractile proteins

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13
Q

What is the skeletal muscle body covered in (and what is it called)?

A

Dense layer of collagen fibres - epimysium

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14
Q

What does the epimysium enclose?

A

Several muscle fasciculi

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15
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundles of muscle fibre grouped together

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16
Q

What does the perimysium contain?

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves that are passing into the muscle tissue

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17
Q

How can muscle adapt to change in activity patterns and loading?

A

Muscle size, balance between protein synthesis and degradation and diseased states

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18
Q

How do skeletal muscles attach to bones?

A

Through extensions of their connective tissue components

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19
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A broad flat tendon attaching a muscle to the bone

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20
Q

How do indirect muscular attachments work?

A

Muscle ends short of its bony destination and the bridge is gapped by a tendon

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21
Q

How do direct muscle attachments work?

A

Short collagen fibres gap the bridge between muscle and bone

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22
Q

How many attachments do biceps have?

A

2

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23
Q

How many attachments do triceps have?

A

3

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24
Q

How many attachments do quadriceps have?

A

4

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25
Q

What does a muscle do when it contracts?

A

Moves one bone relative to another

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26
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

Bony attachment site at the stationary end

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27
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The attachment site at the more mobile end

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28
Q

Where is the quadriceps femoris proximal attachment?

A

Femur

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29
Q

Where is the quadriceps femoris distal attachment?

A

Tibia, just below the knee

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30
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris when you’re sat down and straightening your legs?

A

Femur is origin and tibia is insertion

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31
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris when you’re standing up?

A

Tibia is origin and femur is insertion

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32
Q

What are the functional muscle groups?

A

Agonist, antagonist, synergistic and fixation

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33
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

Contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

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34
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

Action opposes that of a particular agonist - stretches but will not usually contract completely

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35
Q

What is a synergist muscle?

A

Aids agonist to stabilise joint or start movement

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36
Q

What is a fixator muscle?

A

Prevents unwanted movement and stabilises a joint

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37
Q

What does an increase in the number of muscle fibres do to the strength of contraction?

A

Increases it

38
Q

How are fibres within a fascicle arranged?

A

Parallel

39
Q

What does the orientation of fascicles determine?

A

Functional properties of muscle

40
Q

What do fusiform muscles look like?

A

Thick in the middle and tapered at each end

41
Q

What do parallel muscles look like?

A

Fairly uniform width with parallel fascicles

42
Q

What do circular muscles look like?

A

Fibres arranged concentrically around an opening or recess

43
Q

What do triangular muscles look like?

A

Broad at one end and narrow at the other

44
Q

What are pennate muscles?

A

Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely to it’s tendon

45
Q

Give an example of a fusiform muscle

A

biceps brachii and soas major muscle

46
Q

Give an example of a parallel muscle

A

Rectum abdominus

47
Q

Give an example of a circular muscle

A

orbicularis oculi

48
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranged in unipennate muscles?

A

All on the same side of the tendon

49
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranged in bipennate muscles?

A

Approach tendon from both sides

50
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranged in multipennate muscles?

A

Branching of the tendon within a pennate muscle

51
Q

Give an example of a unipennate muscle

A

Palmar interosseous

52
Q

Give an example of a bipennate muscle

A

Rectus femoris

53
Q

Give an example of a multipennate muscle

A

Deltoid

54
Q

What does the strength of any given muscle depend in part on?

A

Physiological cross sectional area

55
Q

What are the muscles of the limbs divided into?

A

Discrete compartments

56
Q

What are muscle compartments divided by?

A

A sleeve of deep fascia

57
Q

In the arm what are the anterior and posterior compartments relative to?

A

Humerus

58
Q

What two muscles both attach at the Coracoid process?

A

Biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

59
Q

What muscles are in the anterior arm compartment?

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

60
Q

What are the names of the compartments in the arm proper?

A

Anterior and posterior

61
Q

What muscle is in the posterior arm compartment?

A

Triceps brachii

62
Q

What are the compartments in the forearm?

A

Anterior and posterior compartments

63
Q

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm and where are they found?

A

8 (4 superficial, one intermediate and three deep)

64
Q

Where is the common site of origin for the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

Medial epicondyle humerus

65
Q

What is special about the palmaris longus muscle?

A

It has a really long tendon

66
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus run to?

A

Distal phalanx

67
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus run to?

A

Thumb

68
Q

Where does the flexor digitorium profundus run to and what is its function?

A

Middle phalynx, flex the digits

69
Q

What is the function of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexion of the wrist and fingers and pronation of the forearm

70
Q

How many muscles are in the posterior compartment of the forearm and where are they found?

A

12 (7 superficial and 5 deep)

71
Q

What is the common site of origin for the muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

lateral epicondyle humerus

72
Q

What is the function of the posterior forearm?

A

Extension of the wrist and fingers and supination of the forearm

73
Q

Where is the thigh?

A

Between the inguinal ligament and knee joint

74
Q

What are the compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, posterior and medial

75
Q

What is the function of the anterior thigh?

A

Extension of the knee and flexion of the hips

76
Q

How many muscles are in the anterior thigh?

A

3

77
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

78
Q

What is the function of the medial thigh?

A

Adduct hip

79
Q

How many muscles are in the posterior thigh?

A

3

80
Q

How many muscles are in the medial thigh?

A

5

81
Q

Which muscles join together in the thigh?

A

Psoas major and illiacus muscle

82
Q

Which is the longest strap muscle in the body and where does it run?

A

Sartorius muscle - from the ASIS to the tibia

83
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A

Posterior, anterior and lateral

84
Q

How many muscles are found in the posterior leg?

A

7

85
Q

Which muscles combine to form the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

86
Q

What are the posterior leg muscles involved in?

A

Plantarflex and inversion of the foot

87
Q

What is the anterior leg involved in?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

88
Q

How many muscles are in the anterior leg?

A

3

89
Q

What is the lateral leg involved in?

A

Eversion of the foot

90
Q

How many muscles are in the lateral leg?

A

2

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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