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Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Repro Final Exam > Flashcards

Repro Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q
  1. A cow first stands to be mounted at 8 am on Monday. The best time to inseminate her is…
A

Monday evening

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2
Q
  1. Fluid-filled follicles visible on the surface of the ovary are described as…
A

Tertiary follicles

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3
Q
  1. Trace the correct path of the sperm from production to ejaculation
A

D) Seminiferous tubules, rete tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is involved in sperm storage in the male?
A

A) Caudal (tail) epididymis

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5
Q
  1. During spermiogenesis, the correct sequence of developmental stages is…
A

E) Spermatogonia – spermatocytes – spermatids – spermatozoa

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6
Q

Going from the outside to the insideof female tract, what is the correct order?

A

E) Vulva, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary

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7
Q
  1. Cryptorchids have normal sexual drive (libido) because the…
A

D) Endocrine function is not affected

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8
Q
  1. Sperm mature within the..
A

C) Epididymis

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following species are seasonally polyoestrus?
A

E) Equine, ovine

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10
Q
  1. During the period of the discovery of spermatozoa, who proposed the presence of a preformed individual in sperm – a ‘homunculus’ – as shown below?
A

Hartsoeker

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11
Q
  1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, amongst the theories of ‘generation’, preformationists believed that…
A

B) Organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves already fully formed in the sperm/oocyte

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12
Q
  1. What is the typical sperm concentration of a ram ejaculate?
A

E) 2000-3000 million sperm/ml

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13
Q
  1. The sex of the offspring in mammals is determined by…
A

B) The sperm

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14
Q

Vasectomy

A

Libido is unaffected
Seminal vesicles still secrete fluid
The ejaculate does not contain sperm
Bulbourethral glands are not affected by the produce

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15
Q
  1. In cattle, the interval from onset of oestrus to ovulation is approximately…
A

A) 28 hours

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16
Q
  1. The testes..
A

Are the primary reproductive organs in the male
Are essentially non-functional in castrated animals
Produce spermatozoa and testosterone

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17
Q
  1. The main reason why collecting semen using an artificial vagina is preferable to using an electroejaculator is…
A

B) You get a better sample

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18
Q
  1. Which best describes the corpus albicans?
A

D) The regressed corpus luteum

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19
Q
  1. What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?
A

E) To support and regulate the cells that produce sperm cells

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following are involved in thermoregulation in the testes?
A

Tunica dartos
Pampiniform plexus
Cremaster muscle

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21
Q
  1. Where on the ovary is progesterone produced?
A

D) In luteal cells

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22
Q
  1. In the absence of pregnancy, prostaglandin F2alpha produced by the ______ brings about _______
A

D) Uterus, luteolysis

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23
Q
  1. According to the data originally generated by Trimberger and Davis (1943), the optimum time for insemination in cattle is..
A

In the middle of oestrus

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24
Q
  1. Secretion of testosterone is controlled by…
A

A) LH from the anterior pituitary

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25
Q
  1. The final trigger in the cascade that brings about ovulation of the dominant follicle is…
A

D) LH pulse frequency

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26
Q
  1. Sperm motility is driven by mitochondria in the…
A

C) Mid-piece

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27
Q
  1. Daily sperm production in farm animals is approximately…
A

A) 15-30 million sperm per gram of testis

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28
Q
  1. Castration in young male cattle typically involves…
A

E) Cutting off the blood supply to, or removal of, the testes with a consequent reduction in libido

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29
Q
  1. LH stimulates the _______ of the testis to produce _______
A

D) Leydig cells, testosterone

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30
Q
  1. By placing taffeta trousers on male frogs, who first demonstrated that actual physical contact between the sperm and egg is required for fertilisation?
A

Spallanzani

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31
Q
  1. During the oestrous cycle, the term ‘dioestrous’ refers to…
A

D) The luteal phase, characterised by sustained secretion of progesterone

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32
Q
  1. Sertoli cells are contained in the…
A

A) Seminiferous tubules

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33
Q
  1. Which of the following events occurs in the oviduct in the cow?
A

E) Oocyte fertilisation

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34
Q
  1. Sperm and oocytes are similar in which one of the following respects?
A

D) They have the same number of chromosomes in their nuclei

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35
Q
  1. The volume of a typical ejaculate in the boar is…
A

C) 200-250ml

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36
Q
  1. During each oestrous cycle cows typically have ….
A

B) 2-3 waves of follicular growth

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37
Q
  1. Who is credited with the phrase “Ex ovo omnia” (everything comes from the egg)?
A

E) William Harvey

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38
Q
  1. Semen deposition during AI is typically in the uterus in the…
A

A) Cow, mare

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39
Q
  1. Glycerol is included during semen processing for AI to…
A

E) Prevent ice crystal formation during cryopreservation

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40
Q
  1. Spermatogenesis in the bull takes approx….
A

C) 60 days

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41
Q
  1. LH is produced by the…
A

A) Anterior pituitary

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42
Q
  1. Vasectomised animals make good teaser animals to detect oestrus because….
A

A) They are excellent at detecting females in oestrous (heat)
B) They have normal levels of testosterone
C) They have normal libido
D) They cannot get females pregnant

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43
Q
  1. Who is credited with carrying out the first AI in mammals….
A

A) Ilya Ivanov

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44
Q
  1. Which of the following is a prostaglandin?
A

B) Estrumate

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45
Q
  1. Which of the following list of events occur in the uterus?
A

E) Blastocyst formation, conceptus elongation, implantation

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46
Q
  1. An effective oestus synchronisation programme using prostaglandin involves administering two doses…
A

A) 11 days apart

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47
Q
  1. The trigger of oocyte maturation in the preovulatory follicle is…
A

D) The preovulatory surge of LH

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48
Q
  1. GnRH is used in oestrous synchronisation protocols specifically to….
A

C) To trigger ovulation

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49
Q
  1. Insertion of a PRID device on Day 7 after oestrus for 7 days in conjunction with a Prostaglandin injection will …
A

A) Bring the cow into oestrus within about 2 days of its removal

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50
Q
  1. The majority of oocytes in follicles on the ovary surface are…
A

B) Surrounded by compact layers of cumulus cells

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51
Q
  1. In ruminants, foetal ________ fuse with maternal _______ to form placentomes
A

E) Cotyledons, caruncles

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52
Q
  1. Selection of the dominant follicle occurs…
A

E) During declining FSH concentrations

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53
Q
  1. The ‘boar effect’ is due to pheromones which…
A

C) Hasten the onset of puberty

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54
Q

Oestrus detection aids

A

Chin ball harness
Tail paint
Pedometer/ accelerometer
Kamar mount detector

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55
Q
  1. In terms of the female response to male pheromones, the “ram effect’ in sheep is similar to…
A

B) The Whitten effect

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56
Q
  1. The main factor determining whether a dominant follicle ovulates or undergoes atresia…
A

B) FSH concentration

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57
Q
  1. The term ‘maternal recognition of pregnancy’ was coined in 1969 by….
A

D) Roger Short

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58
Q
  1. Pheromones are known as ‘chemical messengers’. A signalling pheromone typically…
A

D) Induces an immediate behavioural response in the recipient animal

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59
Q
  1. Pregnancy can be diagnosed in the cow as early as Day 18 of gestation by….
A

A) Measuring interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in maternal blood leukocytes

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60
Q
  1. Which of the following species have an endotheliochorial type of placentation involving retention of a single maternal layer
A

B) Dog, cat

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61
Q
  1. In which of the following does the conceptus go through a spherical, tubular and filamentous stage prior to implantation?
A

B) Cattle, sheep, goat, pig

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62
Q
  1. In terms of oestrous synchronisation, Prostaglandin…
A

A) Does not work within a very short time from a previous oestrus
B) Does not work in animals without a corpus luteum
C) Causes a decline in circulating progesterone concentration in animals with an active corpus luteum
D) Is ineffective from Day 17 of the cycle onwards

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63
Q
  1. Placentation in mammals can be classified based on the number of maternal layers retained in the placenta. In ruminants, all three maternal layers are retained and placentation type is called…
A

C) Epitheliochorial

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64
Q
  1. Approx. what percentage of a random group of cyclic heifers will respond to a single injection of PGF2alpha?
A

D) 50-60%

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65
Q
  1. What is estrumate?
A

B) A luteolytic agent

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66
Q
  1. The conceptus-derived substance responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep is…
A

B) Interferon-tau

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67
Q
  1. In most domestic mammals, the oocyte that is ovulated is at…
A

B) Metaphase II of meiosis

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68
Q
  1. In the cow, injecting prostaglandin on Day 2 after oestrous will…
A

B) Have no effect as the CL is not responsive

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69
Q
  1. In the cow, the steroid hormones progesterone…
A

D) Inhibits sexual receptivity

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70
Q
  1. Implantation in sheep is described as…
A

B) Cotyledonary

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71
Q
  1. In double-ovulating cows, where both ovulations occur on the same ovary, transuterine embryo mitigation occurs….
A

A) Almost never

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72
Q
  1. Flehmen effect is…
A

A) Facilitates ability to detect cows in oestrus
B) Does not function in anosmic animals
C) Involves detection of volatile chemicals via the vomernasal organ
D) Involves detection of a signalling pheromone

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73
Q
  1. The variability in the time to oestrus in cow administered PGF2alpha is due to…
A

A) The age of dominant follicle

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74
Q
  1. In the cow, the main mechanism preventing polyspermic fertilisation is…
A

A) The cervical barrier
B) Receptor down regulation
C) Zona hardening caused by cortical granule exocytosis
D) Vitelline hardening

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75
Q
  1. Progesterone is used in oestrous synchronisation protocols specifically to…
A

C) To prevent oestrus and ovulation

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76
Q
  1. In the cow, which of these events occurs last?
A

D) Implantation

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77
Q
  1. In high-producing dairy cows, a major portion of embryonic loss occurs…
A

Prior to MRP

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78
Q
  1. In unilateral double-ovulating sheep, transuterine embryo mitigation occurs…
A

E) Almost always

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79
Q
  1. Prostaglandins are used in oestrous synchronization protocols specifically to…
A

E) Cause regression of the CL

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80
Q
  1. Transuterine embryo mitigation in mice…
A

B) Does not occur due to the separation of the uterine body and prevaginal portion of the cervix into two canals by a septum

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81
Q
  1. Injecting a cow with Prostaglandin around Day 5-7 of the oestrous cycle will likely…
A

A) Have no effect as the animal is undergoing luteolysis

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82
Q
  1. In pregnancy, going from the foetal to maternal side during pregnancy, the correct order is…
A

A) Foetus, amnion, allantois, chorion, endometrium

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83
Q
  1. The so-called ‘Bruce effect’ described by Hilda Bruce in 1959 refers to an effect of pheromones which is manifested as…
A

A) Pregnancy failure following exposure to strange male

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84
Q
  1. Cotyledonary placentation occurs in the…
A

Ruminants

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85
Q
  1. Which of the following are normally used in Ireland for oestrus synchronisation in sheep?
A

D) Progestagen sponge

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86
Q

Perry

A

Wrote the first book on Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals in 1945

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87
Q

Amantea

A

Italian credited with designing the first artificial vagina (for semen collection in the dog)

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88
Q

Prentice

A

Head of American Breeders Service (ABS). Credited with developing, in collaboration with Linde, liquid nitrogen containers

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89
Q

Ivanov

A

Established AI in Russia in 1900s cattle and sheep

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90
Q

Sorensen

A

The Dane who established the world’s first dairy cooperative in 1936

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91
Q

Polge

A

Discovered the cryprotective properties of glycerol and successfully froze chicken sperm

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92
Q

Cassou

A

Founded the French company IMV in 1963 which supplies much of the equipment and consumables used in AI. Also credited with inventing the plastic straws used for semen

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93
Q

Trimberger

A

Credited with establishing the AM/PM rule for AI (in 1943)

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94
Q

Shannon

A

Credited with developing an extender (Caprogen) which facilitated the use of fresh semen for AI

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95
Q

Milovanov

A

Designed the first artificial vaginas for semen collection in bulls, rams and stallions

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96
Q
  • In ruminants, the conceptus-derived signal for MRP is
A

‘Interferon-tau’

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97
Q

Cotyledons

A

Structures on the foetal membranes which bind with structures on the endometrium to form placentomes

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98
Q

Luteolysis

A

Regression of the corpus luteum on the ovary under the influence of uterine PGF2alpha

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99
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane that encloses foetus in fluid-filled cavity

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100
Q

Epitheliochorial

A

Classification of placentation in ruminants, pigs and horse based on number of maternal layers retained in the placenta

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101
Q

Chorion

A

The outermost of the foetal membranes which directly contacts the uterine endometrium

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102
Q

Hemochorial

A

Placentation in rodents and primates based on number of maternal layers retained in the placenta

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103
Q

Morula

A

The stage of early embryo development at which the first tight junctions appear between adjacent blastomeres

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104
Q

Discoid

A

Type of placentation in primates

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105
Q

Colombo

A

Italian anatomist and surgeon who coined the term ‘placenta’

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106
Q

Short

A

Coined the phrase ‘maternal recognition of pregnancy’ in 1969

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107
Q

As fluid accumulates in the early blastocyst, a cavity known as the __________ is formed

A

Blastocoele

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108
Q

Diffuse

A

Type of placentation in horses and pigs

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109
Q

Cotylendonary

A

Type of placentation in ruminants

110
Q

Oxytocin

A

Production of luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F2alpha is dependent on threshold no. of these receptors that are synthesized by endometrium

111
Q

Zonary

A

Type of placentation in cats and dogs

112
Q

The maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in primates is said to be _________ because it acts directly on the CL to maintain its function

A

Luteotrophic

113
Q

Endotheliochorial

A

Classification of placentation in dogs and cats based on number of maternal layers retained in the placenta

114
Q

In women, the MRP signal is due to production of

115
Q

The conceptus-derived maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in livestock species is said to be ___________ because it indirectly inhibits the release or production of luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F2α

A

Antiluteolytic

116
Q

Caruncles

A

Structures on the endometrium which bind with structures on the foetal membranes to form placentomes

117
Q

Duplex

A

The type of uterus found in marsupials and rabbits

118
Q

Inhibin

A

Produced by ovarian follicles; exerts a negative feedback on FSH secretion

119
Q

Ampulla

A

Portion of the oviduct nearest the ovary

120
Q

Corpus ________; name given to the newly formed corpus luteum

A

Hemorrhagicum

121
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone produced by the corpus luteum on the ovary responsible for maintenance of pregnancy

122
Q

Prostaglandin

A

The hormone produced by the uterus responsible for regression of the corpus luteum

123
Q

Corpus ___________; name given to the old regressed corpus luteum

124
Q

Isthmus

A

Portion of the oviduct nearest the uterus

125
Q

Oestradiol

A

Hormone produced by the ovarian follicles; responsible for sex characteristics in female
Conceptus derived signal for MRP in pigs
The main hormone of the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle

126
Q

Infundibulum

A

Funnel-shaped structure at the ovarian end of the oviduct which captures the oocyte at ovulation

127
Q

Follicle

A

Structure on the ovary containing the oocyte

128
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like processes on the infundibulum which help capture the oocyte at ovulation

129
Q

Bicornuate

A

The type of uterus found in the cow, ewe and mare

130
Q

Secondary

A

Type of follicle characterised by proliferation of surrounding granulose cells and the deposition of the zone pellucida

131
Q

Luteolysis

A

The process of corpus luteum regression

132
Q

Tertiary

A

Also called astral follicle due to the presence of a fluid-filled antrum

133
Q

Gnrh

A

Produced by the hypothalamus; stimulates releasing of FSH and LH from Anterior Pituitary

134
Q

Simplex

A

The type of uterus found in primates including humans

135
Q

Cervix

A

Site of semen deposition in natural mating and AI in the pig

136
Q

Prophase

A

The stage of meiosis at which the immature oocyte is arrested in the follicle

137
Q

Capacitation

A

Term for the physical changes that a sperm undergoes in the female reproductive tract in order to be able to fertilise the oocyte

138
Q

Immature oocytes are at the ___________ stage, characterised by a large roundish nucleus

A

Germinal Vesicle

139
Q

Uterus

A

Site of semen deposition in AI in the cow

140
Q
  • The progression from Prophase I to Metaphase II of meiosis (which occurs in the follicle in most species) is termed
A

Oocyte Maturation

141
Q

Hyperactivation

A

Type of sperm motility characterised by frenzied motion of the flagellum

142
Q

Heparin

A

A glycosaminoglycan found in high concentrations in the female reproductive tract involved in sperm capacitation

143
Q

ICM (Inner Cell Membrane)

A

Group of cells in the blastocyst go on to form the foetus

144
Q

Trophoblast

A

These cells which line the blastocyst go on to form the fetal membranes/placenta

145
Q

Vagina

A

Site of semen deposition in natural mating in the sheep and cow

146
Q

Metaphase

A

The stage of meiosis at which the mature oocyte is ovulated in most domestic species and in humans

147
Q

Syngamy

A

The fusion of the male and female pronucleus at fertilisation

148
Q

Cortical

A

These granules are located along the periphery of the oocyte membrane and are responsible for blocking polyspermy

149
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

In most mammals, polyspermy is blocked by hardening of this structure following penetration by a sperm

150
Q

Luteinising Hormone

A

A preovulatory surge of this hormone approximately 24 h before ovulation is the trigger for oocyte maturation in the follicle

151
Q

Acrosome

A

A membranous organelle located over the anterior part of the sperm nucleus

152
Q

Hooke

A

Coined the term ‘cell’

153
Q

Aristotle

A

Described the concepts of oviparity, viviparity, ovoviviparity

154
Q

Fol

A

Demonstrated that only one sperm is required for fertilisation (in 1876)

155
Q

Steno

A

Concluded that the ‘testicles’ of woman were analogous to the ovaries of the dogfish

156
Q

Hertwig

A

Described sperm-egg pronuclear fusion in sea urchin (in 1876)

157
Q

Da Graaf

A

Described follicle rupture in rabbits. His name is still used in reference to the follicle

158
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A

Credited with the discovery of sperm (in 1678)

159
Q

Spallanzani

A

Demonstrated physical contact between sperm and egg required for fertilisation by putting ‘trousers’ on frogs
First AI in a dog

160
Q

Preformationism

A

Belief that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves already fully formed in the sperm/egg prior to conception

161
Q

Newport

A

Demonstrated sperm entry into a frog egg in 1854

162
Q

Harvey

A

Coined the phrase ‘ex ova omnia’ (everything comes from the egg)

163
Q

Bonnet

A

Described parthenogenesis in aphids

164
Q

Epigenesis

A

Belief that organisms arise through a series of stages gradually produced from an undifferentiated mass

165
Q

Von Baer

A

First to observe and describe a mammalian egg/oocyte

166
Q

Swammardam

A

Concluded that all animals derive from eggs laid by the same species.

167
Q

Hippocrates

A

First postulated that generation occurred due to the joint action of two kinds of semen – one from male ejaculate, the other from female menstrual blood

168
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Site of sperm production in the testes

169
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Paired accessory sex glands responsible for the major liquid portion of the final ejaculate

170
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum

171
Q

Epididymis

A

Main function of this organ is sperm maturation

172
Q

Vas deferens

A

Duct transporting sperm from the tail of the epididymis towards the accessory sex glands

173
Q

Bulbourethral

A

Also known as Cowper’s gland, responsible for producing a preejaculate fluid

174
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

A network of small veins acting as a countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries

175
Q

Tunica dartos

A

Muscle in scrotum that can increase/decrease the surface area to facilitate evaporative cooling

176
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced in the testes, main hormone regulating sexual drive (libido) in males

177
Q

Cremaster

A

Muscle that moves the testes closer to, or further from, the body to aid thermoregulation

178
Q

Rete

A

The Mediastinum houses these tubules which transport newly formed sperm from the testes to the head of the epididymis

179
Q

Microsmatic

A

Having a highly developed sense of smell (e.g., the dog)

180
Q

Bruce Effect

A

involves the tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male

181
Q

Lintner

A

Entomologist who first described the activity of male silkworm moths attracted to a female

182
Q

Butenandt

A

The German biochemist who first described the chemical structure of the silkworm pheromone (in 1959)

183
Q

Signalling odours

A

Class of pheromones eliciting an behavioural change in the recipient animal. Typically advertises the sex and breeding condition of broadcaster

184
Q

Flehmen

A

Behavioural response in male domestic animals in response to pheromones given off by a female in oestrus

185
Q

Priming odours

A

Class of pheromones eliciting indirect modifying influence on internal physiological processes of other individuals

186
Q

Whitten Effect

A

involves synchronisation of the oestrous cycles of a group of females when a male or his pheromone is introduced (similar to the ‘Ram Effect’)

187
Q
  • Bombykol
A

A pheromone released by the female silkworm moth to attract mates

188
Q
  • Vomernasal
A

Also called Jacobson’s organ. Involved in odour perception for social communication

189
Q

‘Vandenbergh Effect’

A

refers to the acceleration of the onset of puberty due to the presence of an unrelated male (similar to the ‘Boar Effect’)

190
Q

Progesterone

A

The main hormone of the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle

191
Q

Theca

A

Follicular cells that form Small Luteal Cells after ovulation

192
Q

Metoestrus

A

The immediate post-ovulation period (from approximately Day 1 to Day 4)

193
Q

Polyestrous

A

Having successive oestrous cycles throughout the year/breeding season (e.g., cow, ewe, mare)

194
Q

Atresia

A

The ultimate fate of most follicles on the ovary

195
Q

Granulosa

A

Follicular cells that form Large Luteal Cells after ovulation

196
Q

Dioestrus

A

Period of the oestrous cycle from approximately Day 5 to Day 18 corresponding to the luteal phase

197
Q

Monoestrus

A

Having a single oestrus event during a breeding season (e.g., dog, bear)

198
Q

Oestrus

A

The period of sexual receptivity in the cow

199
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

The third and final stage of spermatogenesis
The process of differentiation of undifferentiated spermatid to a fully differentiated spermatozoon

200
Q

Casa

A

Commonly used abbreviation for a computerised method for the analysis of sperm motility

201
Q

Leydig

A

Cells present in the testicular interstitial tissue, whose main function is to produce testosterone.

202
Q

AV

A

Abbreviation for the device used for semen collection in the bull, ram and stallion
Artificial Vagina

203
Q

Spermatogonium

A

An undifferentiated male germ cell. Will eventually form a spermatozoon

204
Q

Luteinising

A

Testosterone production in testicular Leydig cells is controlled by this hormone

205
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The part of the brain that secretes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

206
Q

Spermatocytogenesis

A

The process of cell division during spermatogenesis

207
Q

Electroejaculation

A

A method of semen collection used for prepubertal animals or when an animal cannot be trained to use an artificial vagina

208
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Through its action on Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis is controlled by this hormone

209
Q

Sertoli

A

Also known as sustentacular cells and located in the seminiferous tubules in the testes, these cells provide physical, nutritional, and regulatory support for developing sperm cells.

210
Q

Gonadotropin

A

Collective term for a hormone that stimulates either the ovaries, testes or both.

211
Q

Meiosis

A

The second of the 3 stages of spermatogenesis, lasting 23 days in the bull and resulting in haploid spermatids

212
Q

Proliferation

A

The first of the 3 stages of spermatogenesis, lasting 21 days in the bull

213
Q

Compensable

A

Deleterious sperm traits that can typically be overcome by increasing sperm number

214
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Used to count cells, including sperm cells during semen assessment

215
Q

PAGs

A

Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins
Show up in pregnant and early pp cows

216
Q

Standing Heat Duration

A

9hrs average, 3-30hrs

217
Q

How many follicular waves in a cycle?

A

2-3, 7-10 days each

218
Q

Fate of dominant follicle (DF) depends on

A

LH pulse frequency

219
Q

1 LH pulse/hour is…

A

Ovulation (follicular phase)

220
Q

1 LH pulse/4-6hours is…

A

Atresia (luteal phase)

221
Q

PRID

A

Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Device
Contains progesterone

222
Q

CIDR

A

Controlled Internal Drug Release
Contains progesterone

223
Q

Use of progestogens

A

Maintain the cow under the influence of progesterone until CL regresses.
On removal, animal responds to decreasing P4 with oestrus 2-5 days later

224
Q

If you administer a random group of heifers a single injection of PG what % will respond?

225
Q

Prostaglandin injected how often?

A

2 injections 11 days apart
Inseminate after second inj.

226
Q

Injection of prostaglandin effects:
Day 0-4
Day 5-16
Day 16-21
After 2nd injection

A

Day 0-4 no effect
Day 5-16 oestrus in 2-4 days
Day 16-21 oestrus naturally in 1-5 days
After 2nd inj. oestrus in 2-4 days
Time to response depends on follicular wave

227
Q

Ovsynch injection protocol

A

GnRH - start new follicle wave (P4)
Prostaglandin - Regress CL
GnRH - Ovulate follicle (P4)
AI

228
Q

Co-synch

A

GnRH and AI given at same time
Fertility lower but more advantages

229
Q

PMSG

A

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin

230
Q

eCG

A

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin

231
Q

Sheep synchronisation

A

Give PMSG/eCG 1-2 days before withdrawal of sponge
Rams in 48hrs after sponge out

232
Q

Sow synchronisation

A

PGF2a - won’t regress CL until day 12 of cycle
Progestins - MGA(melengestrol acetate) will sync oestrus but cause cysts
- Regumate (20mg/day for 18days) oestrus 4-8 days after
18days
Wean piglets - oestrus 3-6 days after

233
Q

Mare synchronisation

A

Lutalyse - mare CL more sensitive than cows, side effects more severe
Regumate - feed for 12-14 days, on last day give PGF2a, in heat 3-4 days after but ovulates day 8

234
Q

Monozygous/Monozygotic twins

A

Fertilisation of 1 oocyte that cleaves and forms 2 embryos
Genotypically & phenotypically identical - same sex

235
Q

Dizygous/Dizygotic twins

A

Fertilisation of 2 oocytes during the same oestrous cycle
Same/opposite sex

236
Q

Dual-breed twins

A

Same dam, different sires
Heteropaternal

237
Q

Superfetation

A

Twins born 2 weeks apart

238
Q

Sex Determination (Gonadal Sex Determination)

A

Decision within the early gonad to form a testis or an ovary
3 step process

239
Q

SRY

A

Sex-determining region Y
Responsible for the initiation of male sex determination

240
Q

Testicular hormones imposed on foetus to give male characteristics

A

Testosterone
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

241
Q

Absence or inactivity or testosterone and AMH will result in foetus being..

242
Q

Freemartin

A

Ovaries are stunted & depleted of germ cells
May contain seminiferous tubules
Have high concentrations of AMH

243
Q

Anastomosis

A

Cross-connection between adjacent channels or tubes
>90% occurrence in natural twins in cattle

244
Q

Gestation duration
Cow
Ewe
Sow
Mare

A

Cow 284
Ewe 147
Sow 114
Mare 335

245
Q

3 stages of parturition

A

Dilation and initiation of myometrial contractions (myo –> muscle)
Expulsion of foetus
Expulsion of foetal membranes

246
Q

Hormone changes in parturition

A

P4 decrease
E2 increase
PG increase

247
Q

Induction of parturition in cattle

A

Injection of a synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) - takes 2-3 days
Using PG - parturition within 1-8 days

248
Q

Oocyte recovery

A

Follicle aspiration
Allow settle
Searching
Oocyte recovery

249
Q

3 stages of Embryo Production

A

In vitro maturation (IVM)
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
In vitro Culture (IVC)

250
Q

Homotransfer

A

Cow to cow

251
Q

Heterotransfer

A

Cow to sheep

252
Q

MOET 4 steps

A

Synchronisation of donors/recipients
Superovulation/AI of donors
Embryo Recovery from donors
Embryo Transfer to recipients

253
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

1 sperm (sexing semen)

254
Q

Nuclear Transfer (NT)

A

Transfer of a diploid nucleus into a chromosome free oocyte to produce a reconstituted embryo

255
Q

Steps in Nuclear Transfer (NT)

A

Enucleation of matured oocyte
Transfer of donor nucleus
Fusion using a DC electrical pulse

256
Q

Gene Editing
ZFNs
TALENs
CRISPR-Cas System

A

ZFNs - Zinc finger nucleases
TALENs - Transcription Activator-Like Effector-based Nucleases
CRISPR-Cas System - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

257
Q

Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation

A

Creation of males lacking their own germline cells, but have spermatogonial stem cells from a donor male

258
Q

Embryonic Diapase

A

‘Delayed implantation’
Period in early development during which an embryo remains suspended at the blastocyst stage

259
Q

Facultative diapause

A

Induced by physiological conditions

260
Q

Obligate Diapause

A

Present in every gestation

261
Q

(Poultry) Oviduct 5 sections (order of ovary end to shell gland)

A

Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus
Vagina

262
Q

Infundibulum (poultry)

A

Pick up ovulated ova
Site of fertilisation
15-30mins

263
Q

Magnum (poultry)

A

Secretion of albumin (egg white)
2-3 hours

264
Q

Isthmus (poultry)

A

Secretion of shell membranes (primarily ovokeratin)
1.5hrs

265
Q

Shell gland/Uterus (poultry)

A

Fluid is added to albumin
Shell production
18-20 hours

266
Q

Vagina (poultry)

A

Adds nothing to egg
Egg transport, sperm deposition and storage
1 min

267
Q

Targets for optimum fertility
Pregnant to 1st service
6 wk in calf rate
12 wk in calf rate

A

Pregnant to 1st service - 55-60%
6 wk in calf rate - 70%
12 wk in calf rate - >90%

268
Q

Involution

A

Period where cow can’t become pregnant

269
Q

Causes of Embryonic Loss

A

Ovulation of incompetent oocyte
Retarded embryo development giving poor MRP signal
Inadequate P4 rise after AI
Detrimental uterine environment
Metabolic/nutrient mobilisation

270
Q

Pregnancy loss D20-30 in 25% cows becuase of…

A

50% CL regression - P4 decrease, PAGs constant
50% embryo death - PAGs decrease, P4 constant

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

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