Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
- The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of…
A
b. Protein fibres and ground substance
2
Q
- The types of fibres commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue are…
A
b. Elastic, reticular, collagen
3
Q
- Fill in the gap: Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue are classified as ______ connective tissues.
A
c. Embryonic
4
Q
- Epithelial tissues are classified based on?
A
a. The number of layers and the shape of the cells in the superficial layer
c. The arrangement of the cells in layers
e. The shape of cells in each layer
5
Q
- True or false: Connective tissue forms covering, linings, and glands?
A
False.Epithelial
6
Q
- Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the:
A
a. Epidermis
7
Q
- The epidermis is composed of avascular stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Therefore nourishment to cells in the epidermis must be provided by diffusion of materials from…
A
c. Blood vessels in the dermal papillae
8
Q
- What does the skin excrete?
A
Salt,water, heat, urea, and ammonia
9
Q
- Sebum…
A
c. Is produced by sebaceous glands that are attached to hair follicles
10
Q
- The function of keratin is to:
A
d. Make skin tough and waterproof
11
Q
- This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length.
A
d. Epiphyseal plate
12
Q
- This is the region of long bone found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
A
d. Metaphysis
13
Q
- This is the fibrous covering on the surface of bone that is involved in thickening of the bone.
A
a. Periosteum
14
Q
- These are considered bone-dissolving cells.
A
b. Osteoclast
15
Q
- What is the correct order of the four zones of cartilage found within the growth plate starting at the epiphysis and extending to the diaphysis?
A
e. Resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage
16
Q
- Like other _______, bone tissue contains abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells.
A
b. Connective tissues
17
Q
- Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned…
A
c. Parallel to the length of the diaphysis
18
Q
- The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called…
A
b. Hemopoiesis
19
Q
- Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance?
A
a. Globulins
20
Q
- What percentage of blood plasma is water?
A
e. 91.5%
21
Q
- The haematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by…
A
b. Red blood cells
22
Q
- The normal pH range for blood is…
A
d. 7.35-7.45
23
Q
- Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?
A
c. Fibrinogen
24
Q
- A megakaryoblast will develop into a…
A
c. Platelet
25
8. Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?
c. Erythropoietin (EPO)
26
9. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of…
b. Prothrombinase
27
10. Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of methods utilised during haemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?
e. Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
28
Areolar connective tissue
Soft abundant, packing tissue
29
Dense connective tissue
Attaches muscles to bone as tendons
30
Elastic Connective Tissue
Shapes the external ear
31
Reticular connective tissue
Stroma for soft organs
32
Adipose connective tissue
Insulation for the body
33
Hyaline cartilage
Forms the embryonic skeleton
34
Fibrocartilage
Forms invertebral discs
35
Elastic cartilage
Provides flexibility to blood vessels
36
Compact bone
Forms the outer layer of bone
37
Spongy bone
Its spaces are filled with red bone marrow
38
Fibroblast
Star-shaped cells responsible for the production of fibres and the matrix
39
Dermis
Layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis
40
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells found within the calcium matrix
41
Sebaceous
Type of gland found in the dermis secretes sebum
42
Collagen
Most abundant protein in the body
43
Active Transport
Transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy
44
Trabeculae
Flake-like sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
45
Arrector pili
Smooth muscle that when activated causes hair to “stand up”
46
Sesamoid
Small, round bone embedded in tendons
47
Mesoderm
Embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive
48
Stratum basale
Deepest layer of the epidermis
49
Connective tissue
Most abundant tissue in the body, roles include support, binding, cushioning, and storage
50
Perichondrium
Membrane that covers cartilage
51
Merkel Cell
Receptor cell in the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch
52
Osteon
(Also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone
53
Melanin
Pigment that determines the colour of hair and skin
54
Callus
Thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion
55
Peroxisome
Membrane-bound organelle that contains detoxifying enzyme
56
Cuticle
Surface visible outermost layer of keratinocytes on a strand of hair
57
Telogen
Resting phase of the hair growth cycle
58
Desmosome
Structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells
59
Platelets
One of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
60
Reticulocyte
Immature red blood cell, may still contain fragments of organelles
61
Buffy Coat
Thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separate the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood
62
Lymphocyte
Agranular leukocyte of the lymphoid stem cell line
63
Common Pathway
Final coagulation pathway activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, ending in the formation of a blood clot
64
Extrinsic Pathway
Initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage
65
Heparin
Anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin
66
Biliverdin
Green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of haem is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin
67
Diapedesis
Process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues
68
Cytokine
Protein that act as autocrine or paracrine signalling molecules
69
Erythrocyte
Mature myeloid blood cell, composed mostly of haemoglobin and functions primarily in O2 and CO2 transport
70
Clotting Factors
Group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation
71
Ferratin
Storage form of iron
72
Transferrin
Plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and transports it throughout the body
73
Pluripotency
Capability to differentiate into any and all cells of the body
74
Vascular Spasm
Initial step in haemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts
75
Antibodies
Antigen-specific proteins produced by specialised B lymphocytes
76
Basophils
Granulocytes that store histamine and heparin
77
Haematocrit
Volume percentage of red blood cells in a sample of centrifuged blood
78
Fibrin
Insoluble protein that forms the structure of a blood clot
79
1. Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (eg. increased heart rate and sweating)?
Autonomic
80
2. What ion enters a neuron causing depolarisation of the cell membrane?
Sodium
81
3. Faster communication and synchronisation are two advantages of
e. Electrical synapses
82
4. Saltatory conduction
b. Occurs only in myelinated axons
83
5. Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin
Mechanically gated channels
84
6. Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?
cranial
85
7. In neuromuscular junctions, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are found suspended in the cytosol of?
Synaptic end bulbs
86
List the sequence of structures that action potentials must move through to excite skeletal muscle contraction
a. Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules
87
9. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
GABA
88
10. Diffusion, enzymatic degradation and uptake by cells are all ways to
c. Excite a presynaptic potential
89
11. What is the average time taken for a cell to be produced by the stratum basale, rise to the surface, become keratinized and slough off?
One month
90
1. The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on?
d. Gustatory receptor cells
91
2. Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant
Occurs rapidly
92
3. These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste
Gustatory cells
93
4. Tastebuds are found on
The soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx
94
5. Which types of papillae do contain taste buds?
Circumvallate, Foliate, Vallate, Fungiform
95
6. This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball
Conjunctiva
96
7. The lens is made of layers of proteins called..
Crystallins
97
1. Connective tissue cells:
d. Include immature – blast cells that retain their mitotic ability
98
Epithelial layers that are found in thin skin
Stratum granulosum
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Corneum
99
4. The epidermis is avascular therefore nourishment to cells in the epidermis must be provided by diffusion of materials from…
e. Blood vessels in the dermal papillae
100
5. Connective tissues
e. Are composed of cells separated by an extracellular substance known as the matrix
101
What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
Energy storage, Haemopoiesis, Support, Locomotion
102
Integumentary System components
epidermis
dermis
hair and nails
sebaceous and sweat glands
103
The epidermis is composed of
Stratified squamous epithelium
104
Layers of epidermis in order from most superficial to deepest
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale
105
4. Which layer of the epidermis consists of 25-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes?
stratum corneum
106
5. Which of the following is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?
stratum lucidum
107
Psoriasis
b. Occurs when keratinocytes reproduce too quickly.
108
7. The reticular region of the dermis
contains collagen fibres and elastic fibres
109
Fingerprints
are unique to each individual and maintain a constant pattern throughout life
110
9. An individual born without the ability to make the enzyme tyrosinase has which of the following conditions?
Albinism
111
Accessory structures of the skin?
Hair
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Nails
112
11. Which of the following is true of hair growth?
c. Normal hair loss in the adult is around 100 hairs a day.
113
Acne
a. Is an inflammation of sebaceous glands.
114
Ceruminous glands
Produce ear wax
115
Functions of the skin
Regulates body temperature
Barrier to disease
Excretes some waste products
House sensory receptors
116
15. How does skin contribute to regulation of body temperature?
Releasing perspiration, which evaporates and carries away heat
Shivering, which produces heat
117
Simple squamous epithelium
Performs filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serious membranes
Lines heart and blood vessels, forms walls of air sacs in lungs
118
Simple cuboidal epithelium
lines kidney tubules and covers surface of ovary
119
Stratified squamous epithelium
provides the greatest protection from mechanical injury
120
Transitional epithelium
found in urinary bladder, allows stretching
121
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
lines fallopian tubes (oviducts), some parts of upper respiratory tract
122
Function of the basement membrane
To anchor epithelial tissues to underlying connective tissue
123
1. True or false: Connective tissue forms coverings, linings, and glands?
False. Epithelial tissues
124
first tissues that form in the mammalian embryo
c. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
125
3. Fill in the gap: Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue are classified as _____ connective tissues
Embryonic
126
4. Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
127
Connective tissue fibres
Elastic fibres allow connective tissues to stretch
They strengthen and support connective tissues
128
7. Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the _________
Stroma
129
8. Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ________ of the epidermis.
Stratum lucidum
130
9. This is another name for the subcutaneous layer.
Hypodermis
131
10. This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance.
Langerhans cells
132
11. This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts.
Sebum
133
Skeletal muscle is
Striated
Largely under voluntary control
134
Cardiac muscle tissue
Is autorhythmic.
Contains branched cells that are connected by intercalated discs.
Obtains Ca2+ required for contraction from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid.
Maintains contractions for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle tissue.
135
14. When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
d. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
136
15. During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus
c. Relative refractory period
137
16. Saltatory conduction
e. Occurs only in myelinated axons
138
17. Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
Electrical synapses
139
18. Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly
into veins
140
19. The apex of the heart is normally pointed
the the left of the midline
141
20. This is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart.
pericardial fluid
142
21. Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
myocardium
143
22. This structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute.
sinoatrial node
144
list the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart
d. SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibres
145
24. Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water?
Pharynx
146
25. This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea.
Epiglottis
147
26. This is located anterior to the oesophagus and carries air to the bronchi.
Trachea
148
27. This is the primary gas exchange site.
Alveolus
149
28. Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?
Hyaline cartilage
150
29. Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport?
Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
151
30. Olfactory receptors are found
b. Only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
152
31. The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on
Olfactory hairs
153
32. Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant
Occurs rapidly
154
33. The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.
Chemicals
155
34. These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste.
Gustatory cells
156
36. The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as
Umami
157
Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific Receptor molecule
ligand
158
Import of material into the cell by formation of a Membrane-bound vesicle
Endocytosis
159
Examples of this include ion pumps and phagocytosis
active transport
160
A molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends
Amphiphilic
161
Organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules
Endoplasmic reticulum
162
Engulfment of large particles by specialised cells
phagocytosis
163
Organelle containing digestive enzymes
lysosome
164
The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of actin subunits
microfilament
165
Structure in the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis
Nucleolus
166
Organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances
peroxisome
167
Structure that organises microtubules during cell division
Centrosome
168
Organelle whose primary function is to produce chemical energy
mitochondrion
169
Organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification and packaging
golgi complex
170
Describes a substance or structure attracted to water
hydrophilic
171
Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane
glycocalyx
172
Fluid exterior to cells
extracellular fluid
173
Membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer
integral protein
174
Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water
cytosol
175
The rough ER has its name due to this structure
ribosome
176
Process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
translation
