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Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Breeding MCQ 1 > Flashcards

Breeding MCQ 1 Flashcards

1
Q

BLUP

A

Co-discovered by Henderson

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2
Q

HW Equilibrium

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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3
Q

First livestock domesticated

A

Sheep & goats

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4
Q

Genetic improvement

A

Genetic improvement is permanent and cumulative. Occurs when the genetic merit (BV of an animal) is improved through selection

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5
Q

Calculate accuracy (ACC)

A

A measure of strength between the true breeding value and the predicted breeding value

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6
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Mating of animals from two breeds.
Advantage - heterosis (hybrid vigour -> increased fertility, longevity, feed efficiency, disease resistance)

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7
Q

Genetic lag

A

When the farmed animals of a particular breed lag behind the breeding herd in terms of genetic merit

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8
Q

Non-additive gene (Gene Combination Value GCV)

A

Part of an individual’s genotypic value that is because of gene combinations (dominance and epistasis) and cannot be transmitted to their offspring

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9
Q

Recombination frequency

A

A measure of the linear distance between genes. It allows genes to be mapped

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10
Q

No dominance

A

Expression of the heterozygous is midway to the homozygous genotypes, eg. RR - red, rr - white, Rr- pink

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11
Q

Epistasis

A

An interaction of genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one loci depends on alleles present at other loci

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12
Q

Mendelian Sampling

A

The random sampling of parental genes caused by segregation and independent assortment of genes during germ cell formation and by random selection of gametes in the formation of the embryo

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13
Q

Number of unique gametes

A

= 2^n
number of loci that are heterozygous

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14
Q

Number of unique zygotes

A

= 3^n x 2^m
n = both parents are heterozygous
m = one parent is heterozygous

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15
Q

Genotypic frequency

A

Relative frequency of a one-locus genotype in a population

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16
Q

p + q = ?

A

p + q = 1 (always!)

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17
Q

P =

A

homozygous dominant genotypic frequency (BB)

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18
Q

H =

A

Heterozygous genotypic frequency (Bb)

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19
Q

Q =

A

Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency (bb)

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20
Q

p + h + q = ?

A

p + h + q = 1 (always!)

21
Q

Assumptions for HW Equilibrium

A

Large populations, organism is a diploid, reproduction is sexual, random mating, generations are non-overlapping, no migration, no mutation, equal fitness among genotypes, equal fertility among genotypes, equal gene frequencies between sexes

22
Q

Random Genetic Drift

A

Change in frequency due to random chance in small populations
Large population to increase variation

23
Q

Effective population (Ne)

A

Ne = 4NmNf/(Nm + Nf)

24
Q

Mutation

A

Mutation rates are in the order of 1/25,000
Δq = pu - qv
u = mutation rate from A to a (dom to rec)
v = mutation rate from a to A (rec to dom)

25
Q

4 ways to change gene frequencies

A

Random genetic drift
Mutation
Migration
Selection

26
Q

% of 1, 2, & 3 standard deviations

A

1 std dev = 68%
2 std dev = 95%
3 std dev = 99.7%

27
Q

The Bulmer Effect

A

A reduction in variation due to selection programme
The effect of selection of genetic variability

28
Q

Threshold Traits

A

Discrete (qualitative) on phenotypic scale
Continuous (quantitative) on genetic scale

29
Q

Contemporary group

A

A group of animals with equal opportunity to perform.
The environmental differences become negligible

30
Q

Genetic correlation

A

Measure of the strength of relationship between breeding values in one trait and breeding values in another

31
Q

Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTA)

A

PTA = 1/2 * EBV
Half an individuals breeding value

32
Q

Heritability depends on…

A

Population specific factors, such as allele frequencies and variation due to environmental factors

33
Q

Qualitative traits

A

Controlled by single gene

34
Q

Quantitative traits

A

Controlled by several genes

35
Q

Heritability (h^2)

A

σ^2a/σ^2p

36
Q

Best way to combat random genetic drift

A

Increase population size

37
Q

Migration

A

Movement of individuals into or out of a population

38
Q

Q2-How many chromosomes do Cattle have?
(A) 39
(B) 19
(C) 23
(D) 30

A

D

39
Q

Q3-The statement ‘modes of gene expression is different between males and females’ describes which of the following?
(A)Sex-limited inheritance
(B)Incomplete dominance
(C)Sex-Influenced Inheritance
(D)Mendelian Sampling

A

C

40
Q

Q4-A sire’s five locus genotype is AaBBCcDdee. A dam’s genotype is
AABbCcDdEe. Considering juts these five loci how many unique zygotes can
be produced?
(A)45
(B) 88
(C)72
(D)23

A

C

41
Q

Q6-At what age is a broiler chicken killed?
(A)56 days
(B)42 days
(C)28 days
(D)64 days

A

B

42
Q

Q7-Which of the following is an assumption of the Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium?
(A)No Random Mating
(B)No Mutation
(C)Small Populations
(D)Organism is haploid

A

B

43
Q

Q8-Who was the ‘Father of Animal Husbandry’?
(A)Charles Darwin
(B)Carl Friedrich Gauss
(C)Robert Bakewell
(D)Gregor Mendel

A

C

44
Q

Q9-Which of the following is not an environmental factor?
(A)Disease status
(B)Climate
(C)Number of animal s in the herd
(D)None of the above

A

D

45
Q

Q10-Gene frequency can be changes by Mutation.
(A)True
(B)False

A

A

46
Q

Q11-Which of the following is not a Spontaneous mutation?
(A)Black coat colour in dogs
(B)Carpet wool gene in sheep
(C)Boorola gene in sheep
(D)HYPP in horses

A

A

47
Q

Q12-Milk yield, speed, lameness and somatic cell score are all examples of
what?
(A)Qualitative traits
(B)Quantitative traits
(C)Sex-linkage
(D)Environment

A

B

48
Q

Q13-At the C locus in horses, chestnuts (sorrels) are CC, palominos are Cc and
cremellos are cc. In a herd of 28 horses there are 6 chestnuts, 13 palominos
and 9 cremellos. What is the gene frequency at the dominant C locus in this
herd?
(A)0.746
(B)0.334
(C)0.567
(D)0.446

A

D

49
Q

Q14-At the C locus in horses, chestnuts (sorrels) are CC, palominos are Cc and cremellos are cc. In a herd of 28 horses there are 6 chestnuts, 13 palominos and 9 cremellos. What is the genotypic frequency for the cc genotype?
(A)0.1135
(B)0.7789
(C)0.3214
(D)0.665

A

C

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

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