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Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Physiology MCQ > Flashcards

Physiology MCQ Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The normal pH range of blood is
A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q
  1. The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called
A

Haemopoiesis

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3
Q
  1. A megakaryoblast will develop into a
A

platelet

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following hormones stimulate proliferation of RBC in red bone marrow
A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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5
Q
  1. The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called
A

Emigration

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following connective tissue cells consist of a matrix of fibres
A

areolar, adipose, reticular and dense

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7
Q
  1. Which of the following connective tissue cells consist of a matrix of gelatinous material
A

Cartilage

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8
Q
  1. Which of the following tissues consist of a material called a matrix
A

connective

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following cells are associated with a gel matrix
A

chondrocytes

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10
Q
  1. In order to hold tissue together, fibres are involved. Which of the following types of fibres hold tissue together by forming a net-like arrangement of fibres
A

reticular

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11
Q
  1. Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
A

Macrophages

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12
Q
  1. Three types of connective tissue include
A

CT proper, fluid CT, and supporting CT

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13
Q
  1. Which of the following tissue types consist of cells that generally have a spacious intracellular area consisting of a matrix of various types
A

connective

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14
Q
  1. How does muscle tissue contribute to homeostasis
A

generating heat to maintain body temperature, moving materials through the body, pulling on bones to move the body

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15
Q
  1. The primary function of muscle is
A

conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle is

A

striated, largely under voluntary control

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17
Q

Cardiac muscle is

A

striated

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18
Q

smooth muscle is

A

regulated by the autonomic division of the nervous system

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following describes the filaments of skeletal muscle tissue
A

the filament extends through the entire length of the myofiber

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20
Q

Myofibrils

A

include the contractile protein actin and myosin

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21
Q

thick filaments

A

composed primarily of myosin

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22
Q

Thin filaments

A

composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

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23
Q
  1. Which of the following does not happen during a muscle contraction
A

the thick and thin filaments shorten

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24
Q

Action potentials

A

allow an impulse to travel over long or short distances

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25
Q
  1. Place the events involved in generating an action in order:
    - K+ moves out of the cell
    - Na+ activation gates open
    - Excess K+ leaves the cell causing hyperpolarization
    - Na+ enters cell and voltage becomes less negative
    - K+ channels close
    - Threshold stimulus arrives
    - Leakage channels restore restarting membrane potential
    - Na+ inactivation gates close and K+ open
A
  • threshold stimulus arrives
  • Na+ activation gates open
  • Na+ enters cell and voltage becomes less negative
  • Na+ inactivation gates close and K+ open
  • K+ moves out of the cell
  • Excess K+ leaves the cell causing hyperpolarisation
  • K+ channels close
  • Leakage channels restore restarting membrane potential
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26
Q
  1. Axons classified as A fibres
A

are myelinated, have large diameters, conduct impulses more rapidly than B or C fibres

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27
Q

Electrical synapses

A

occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells, allow rapid communication between cells, allows synchronisation of cellular activities

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28
Q
  1. At a chemical synapase
A

the presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal into a chemical signal

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29
Q
  1. In order for a neuron to regenerate
A

it must be in the PNS, the cell body must remain intact

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30
Q

Neurogenesis

A

occurs in embryonic brain, occurs in hippocampus even during adulthood, is inhibited by neuroglial products in most areas of the CNS, is inhibited by the absence of foetal growth stimulating factors

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31
Q
  1. The principal cations in our fluids are
A

Na and K

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32
Q
  1. The stage In cell life where the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
A

interphase

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33
Q
  1. During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs
A

telophase

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34
Q

Sperm cells each contain how many chromosomes

A

23 chromosomes

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35
Q
  1. The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called
A

extensibility

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36
Q
  1. A muscle fibre (myofiber) is a muscle
A

cell

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37
Q

a tendon

A

attaches a muscle to bone, contains parallel bundles of collagen fibres and is an extension of the fused endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of a muscle

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38
Q
  1. An adult has more muscle mass than a child, how did this occur
A

hypertrophy

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39
Q

epithelial tissue

A

has a basement membrane

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40
Q
  1. Functions of epithelia
A

providing physical protection, absorption, controlling permeability and producing specialised secretions

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41
Q
  1. Gland which excretes hormones into the blood/tissues are
A

exocrine glands

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42
Q
  1. The pancreas produces
A

endocrine and exocrine secretions

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43
Q
  1. A neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
A

is the synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fibre

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44
Q

Osteocytes are stationary cells sitting in small depressions in the bone matrix, these are called

A

lacunae

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45
Q
  1. Nutrients travel from the blood in the central canal to the osteocytes via
A

canaliculi

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46
Q
  1. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the CT category
A

Squamous

47
Q

Which of the following cells consists of muscles of fat

A

adipocytes

48
Q
  1. What type of tissue makes up tendons and ligaments
A

dense

49
Q

forms hormones

A

epithelium

50
Q

allows you to smile and walk

A

muscle

51
Q

Cell membranes are

A

Selectively permeable

52
Q
  1. Movement of O2 from high to low concentrations
A

diffusion

53
Q
  1. A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called
A

active transport

54
Q
  1. An intake of small membrane vesicles from an extracellular fluid is called
A

endocytosis

55
Q

Synapse

A

the site where 2 neurons or a neuron and an effector meet

56
Q
  1. Most of the neurons in the brain and the spinal cord are
A

multipolar neurons

57
Q

neuroglia

A

comprise about one half of the tissue in the CNS, retain mitotic potential but don’t conduce nerve impulses, support and protect neurons

58
Q

astrocytes

A

form the blood-brain barrier

59
Q
  1. Which neuroglia cells produce myelin
A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

60
Q

grey matter

A

consists of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated nerve fibres

61
Q

Neurons

A

Exhibit differences in electrical voltage across their plasma membranes

62
Q
  1. When ions move across the plasma membrane
A

they create a flow of electrical current that can disturb the resting membrane potential

63
Q

Epilepsy

A

results from an abnormal, synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain

64
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane, can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure, forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration

65
Q

Alternate form of tumour is

A

nucleoplasm

66
Q

cell division used to produce gametes is

A

meiosis

67
Q
  1. Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to
A

reproductive cells

68
Q

secretes substances

A

epithelium

69
Q
  1. 3 types of protein in myofibrils
A

contractile, regulatory, and structural

70
Q
  1. The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is
A

120 days

71
Q
  1. Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur
  • primary ossification centre development
  • Cartillage model development
  • secondary ossification centre development
  • cartilage model growth
  • articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation
A
  • Cartillage model development
  • cartilage model growth
  • primary ossification centre development
  • secondary ossification centre development
  • articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation.
72
Q
  1. Place the events of fracture repair In order
    - bone remodelling
    - fibrocartilaginour callus forms
    - fracture haemotoma forms
    - bony callus forms
A
  • fracture haemotoma forms
  • fibrocartilaginour callus forms
  • bony callus forms
  • bone remodelling
73
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

tendons, bones, articular cartilage and skeletal muscle

74
Q
  1. Two types of growth in cartilage
A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

75
Q
  1. Skeletal muscle contractions will occur as long as which chemicals are available in the cytosol of the muscle fibre
A

ATP and acetylcholine

76
Q
  1. In neuromuscular junctions, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are found suspended in the cytosol of
A

synaptic end bulbs

77
Q
  1. The epidermis is avascular therefore nourishment to cells in the epidermis must be provided by diffusion of materials from
A

blood vessels in the subcutaneous region, dermal reticulum, dermal papillae and stratum basale

78
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A

chemical barrier, excretion, temp regulation, blood reservoir, physical barrier, metabolic function and cutaneous sensation

79
Q
  1. Nervous tissue that contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites,unmyelinated axons,axon terminals and neuroglial cells
A

grey matter

80
Q
  1. The fluid that is outside of the blood vessels and surrounds body cells is the
A

extracellular fluid

81
Q

Place the following events of keratinisation and epidermal growth in order of occurrence:
- new cell push toward surface
- stratum basale cells divide
- dead cells are shed
- cells reach stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis
- tonofilaments converted to keratin by keratohyalin

A
  • dead cells are shed
  • cells reach stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis
  • tonofilaments converted to keratin by keratohyalin
  • new cell push toward surface
  • stratum basale cells divide
82
Q

haemostasis

A

a sequence of events that prevents the loss of blood from blood vessels

83
Q

anaemia

A

lack of red blood cells

84
Q
  1. b cells, t cells and NK cells arise from these cells
A

lymphoid

85
Q

polycythemia

A

too many red blood cells

86
Q

platelets

A

one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes

87
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

88
Q

which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

89
Q

Serum

A

plasma minus the clotting proteins

90
Q

Microfilaments are composed of

A

actin

91
Q

Advantages of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is

A

increases surface area for diffusion of substances

92
Q

Choose the statements that are true for connective tissues fibres:
A) Reticular fibres and elastic fibres contain glycoproteins
B) Reticular fibres support and strengthen connective tissues
C) Collagen fibres decrease tissue flexibility
D) Elastic fibres allow connective tissues to stretch
E) They strengthen and support connective tissues

A
  • Reticular fibres and elastic fibres contain glycoproteins
  • Reticular fibres support and strengthen connective tissues
  • Elastic fibres allow connective tissues to stretch
  • They strengthen and support connective tissues
93
Q

Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue are classified as

A

embryonic

94
Q

This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibres, and
functions to support and bind cells in the tissues together

A

matrix

95
Q

Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in the ground substance of connective tissues?

A

hyaluronic acid (GAGS)

96
Q

Reticular fibres in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting
framework called the

A

matrix

97
Q

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

98
Q

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of

A

protein fibres and ground substance

99
Q

Tendons and ligaments must with stand tension along the axis of their fibres. These structures are composed of

A

dense regular

100
Q

Connective tissue which combines with adipose tissue to form the subcutaneous
layer that attaches the skin to the underlying structure

A

areolar

101
Q

Liquid matrix of the blood

A

plasma

102
Q

White blood cells

A

neutrophils 60-70%
lymphocytes 20-25%
monocytes 3-8%
eosinophils 2-4%
basophils 0.5-1%

103
Q
  • This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea
A

epiglottis

104
Q
  • The rhythm of normal breeding is controlled by neurons located in the medulla oblongata? true or false
A

true (hypothalamus)

105
Q
  • Activities of medullary rhythmicity centre is influenced by the pons. true or false
A

true

106
Q
  • Proprioceptors monitor pH of fluids in the brain. true or false
A

false

107
Q
  • Aortic bodies send feedback to medulla along which nerve
A

vagus nerve

108
Q

which of the following are the first tissues that form in the human embryo

A

mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm

109
Q
  • Connective tissue forms covering, lining and glands true or false
A

false (epithelial covers the above)

110
Q
  • Most microfilaments are composed of
A

actin

111
Q
  • Cilia and flagella are made mostly of?
A

microtubules

112
Q
  • Which of the following tissues provides the greatest protection from mechanical injury?
A

Stratified squamous epithelium

113
Q
  • Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis
A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

114
Q

the advantage of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is

A

The membrane has a greater surface area for an increased rate of absorption.

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

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