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Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Preformationism

A

Organisms develop from mini versions of themselves

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2
Q

Epigenesis

A

Organisms arose through series of stages produced from an undifferentiated mass

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Described concepts of oviparity, viviparity, ovoviviparity

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4
Q

Harvey

A

‘Ex ovo omnia’ = everything comes from the egg

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5
Q

Steno

A

‘Testicles’ of woman were analogous to ovaries of the dogfish

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6
Q

Swammardam

A

All animals derive from eggs laid by same species. Spontaneous generation

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7
Q

de Graaf

A

Described follicle rupture in rabbits

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8
Q

Hooke

A

Coined the term ‘cell’

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9
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A

Discovery of sperm

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10
Q

Bonnet

A

Described parthenogenesis in aphids

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11
Q

Spallanzani

A

Physical contact between sperm and egg
First AI in dogs

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12
Q

von Baer

A

First to observe & describe the oocyte

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13
Q

Newport

A

First reported entry of sperm into frog egg

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14
Q

Hertwig

A

Sperm-egg pronuclear fusion in sea urchin

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15
Q

Fol

A

One sperm required for fertilisation

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16
Q

Epididymis

A

Maturation of sperm during transit
Tube located behind each testis

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17
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

A

Produces pre-ejaculate fluid to flush urine residue from urethra

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18
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of testes to descend when:
- Thermal needs not met
- Endocrine function not impaired
- Normal sexual drive but sterile

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19
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Muscle that moves testes closer/further away from body to aid thermoregulation

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20
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A

Network of small veins, countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries

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21
Q

Tunica Dartos

A

Muscles under scrotal skin
Contraction/relaxation in response to changes in scrotal skin temperature

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22
Q

Rete tubules

A

Transport newly formed sperm from testes to head of epididymis

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Site of sperm production in testes

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24
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells that produce testosterone

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25
vas deferens
Duct transporting sperm from the tail of the epididymis to accessory sex glands
26
Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
Paired accessory sex glands responsible for major liquid portion of the final ejaculate
27
Libido
Sexual drive Regulated by testosterone
28
Secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells controlled by:
LH from anterior pituitary
29
Production of spermatozoa controlled by:
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) through the action of Sertoli cells
30
Seminiferous tubules 2 cell types:
- Sertoli cells - Developing sperm cells
31
Sertoli cells
Located in seminiferous tubules in the testes. Support developing sperm cells
32
Spermacytogenesis
Cell division
33
Spermatogonia
Undifferentiated male germ cell
34
Gonadotropin (GnRH)
Collective term for a hormone that stimulates ovaries, testes or both Produced by hypothalamus Stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
35
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that secretes GnRH to the Anterior Pituitary
36
3 phases of Spermatogenesis
61 days in bull - Proliferation (21d) - Meiosis (23d) - Differentiation (17d)
37
Proliferation
21d Mitotic divisions of spermatogonia
38
Meiosis
23d Meiotic division Haploid spermatids
39
Differentiation
17d Spherical undifferentiated spermatid to a fully differentiated spermatozoon
40
Sperm journey to accessory glands:
Testes, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens
41
Accessory glands
Prostate, vesicular, bulbourethral Provides a liquid vehicle for the spz
42
Axoneme
Microtubule based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of the flagellum in the sperm cell
43
Ejaculate volume - Stallion
50-100ml
44
Ejaculate volume - Bull
5-8ml
45
Ejaculate volume - Ram
1-2ml
46
Ejaculate volume - Boar
200-250ml
47
Sperm Collection Methods
- Artificial Vagina (AV) - Electroejaculation - Gloved hand (boar)
48
Electroejaculation
When males can't be trained for AV or used in prepubertal animals Controlled intermittent pulses of increasing voltage - Low --> secretion from accessory glands - High --> ejaculation
49
Haemocytometer
Used to count sperm cells during semen assessment
50
CASA
Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis - analysis of sperm motility
51
Live-dead ratio
Nigrosine eosin stain Will only pass through membrane of dead/damaged sperm cells - shows dead cells
52
Compensable
eg. Reduced fertility may be overcome by increasing sperm number, i.e. can be fixed
53
Ivanov
Developed AI in Russia
54
Milovanov
Designed first AVs for bulls, rams, and stallions
55
Amantea
First AV in dog
56
Sorensen
First dairy coop
57
Perry
Published 'The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals'
58
Cassou
Invention of plastic straws for semen
59
Polge
Successful freezing of chicken sperm by including glycerol(prevents initial ice crystal formation) - cryoprotectant
60
Prentice
Head of American Breeders Service (ABS) Developed Liquid Nitrogen containers with Linde for semen and embryo storage
61
Shannon
Caprogen - used for fresh semen storage (prevent cold shock) Caproic acid and catalase + 5% egg yolk
62
AM/PM Rule
Established by Trimberger, rule for AI
63
Progesterone
Produced in CL on ovary Maintenance of pregnancy
64
Prostaglandin
Produced in uterus Responsible for regression of CL
65
Corpus hemorrhagicum
'Comes from blood' Newly formed CL
66
Corpus albicans
Old regressed CL
67
Follicles
Structure on ovary containing oocyte
68
Developing antral (tertiary) follicle
Called Antral due to presence of a fluid filled antrum
69
Secondary follicle
Follicle characterised by proliferation of surrounding granulose cells and deposition of the zone pellucida
70
Infundibulum
Funnel-shaped structure at ovarian end of oviduct that catches oocyte at ovulation
71
Fimbriae
Finger-like processes on the infundibulum to aid capturing oocyte at ovulation
72
Ampulla
Part nearest ovary
73
Isthmus
Part nearest uterus
74
Luteolysis
Process of CL regression
75
Duplex
Marsupials and rabbits
76
Bicornuate
Mare, cow, ewe
77
Simplex
Primate (human)
78
Oestrus
D0 Period of sexual receptivity/mating
79
Polyestrous
Cattle Uniform cycles throughout the year
80
Seasonally polyestrous
Sheep, goat, mare, deer Short/Long day breeders
81
Monoestrus
One cycle per year Dogs
82
Follicular Dynamics
4 phases: - Recruitment - Selection - Dominance - Atresia
83
Inhibin
Produced by ovarian follicles; exerts negative feedback on FSH secretion
84
Ultimate fate of most follicles on the ovary
Atresia
85
Oestrous Cycle
- Oestrus (D0) - Metoestrus (D1-4) - Dioestrus (D5-18) - Pro-oestrus (D18-20)
86
Metoestrus
D1-4 Post-ovulatory period
87
Dioestrus
D5-18 Corresponds to luteal phase
88
Follicular phase main hormone
Oestradiol
89
Luteal phase main hormone
Progesterone
90
Granulosa
Follicular cells that form large luteal cells after ovulation
91
Theca
Follicular cells that form small luteal cells after ovulation
92
Luteolysis
Regression of CL
93
Spermatic cord composed of
Pampiniform plexus, vas deferens & Cremaster muscles

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

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