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Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Preformationism

A

Organisms develop from mini versions of themselves

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2
Q

Epigenesis

A

Organisms arose through series of stages produced from an undifferentiated mass

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Described concepts of oviparity, viviparity, ovoviviparity

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4
Q

Harvey

A

‘Ex ovo omnia’ = everything comes from the egg

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5
Q

Steno

A

‘Testicles’ of woman were analogous to ovaries of the dogfish

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6
Q

Swammardam

A

All animals derive from eggs laid by same species. Spontaneous generation

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7
Q

de Graaf

A

Described follicle rupture in rabbits

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8
Q

Hooke

A

Coined the term ‘cell’

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9
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A

Discovery of sperm

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10
Q

Bonnet

A

Described parthenogenesis in aphids

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11
Q

Spallanzani

A

Physical contact between sperm and egg
First AI in dogs

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12
Q

von Baer

A

First to observe & describe the oocyte

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13
Q

Newport

A

First reported entry of sperm into frog egg

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14
Q

Hertwig

A

Sperm-egg pronuclear fusion in sea urchin

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15
Q

Fol

A

One sperm required for fertilisation

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16
Q

Epididymis

A

Maturation of sperm during transit
Tube located behind each testis

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17
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

A

Produces pre-ejaculate fluid to flush urine residue from urethra

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18
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of testes to descend when:
- Thermal needs not met
- Endocrine function not impaired
- Normal sexual drive but sterile

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19
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Muscle that moves testes closer/further away from body to aid thermoregulation

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20
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A

Network of small veins, countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries

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21
Q

Tunica Dartos

A

Muscles under scrotal skin
Contraction/relaxation in response to changes in scrotal skin temperature

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22
Q

Rete tubules

A

Transport newly formed sperm from testes to head of epididymis

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Site of sperm production in testes

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24
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells that produce testosterone

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25
Q

vas deferens

A

Duct transporting sperm from the tail of the epididymis to accessory sex glands

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26
Q

Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)

A

Paired accessory sex glands responsible for major liquid portion of the final ejaculate

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27
Q

Libido

A

Sexual drive
Regulated by testosterone

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28
Q

Secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells controlled by:

A

LH from anterior pituitary

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29
Q

Production of spermatozoa controlled by:

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) through the action of Sertoli cells

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30
Q

Seminiferous tubules 2 cell types:

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • Developing sperm cells
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31
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Located in seminiferous tubules in the testes. Support developing sperm cells

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32
Q

Spermacytogenesis

A

Cell division

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33
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Undifferentiated male germ cell

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34
Q

Gonadotropin (GnRH)

A

Collective term for a hormone that stimulates ovaries, testes or both
Produced by hypothalamus
Stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that secretes GnRH to the Anterior Pituitary

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36
Q

3 phases of Spermatogenesis

A

61 days in bull
- Proliferation (21d)
- Meiosis (23d)
- Differentiation (17d)

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37
Q

Proliferation

A

21d
Mitotic divisions of spermatogonia

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38
Q

Meiosis

A

23d
Meiotic division
Haploid spermatids

39
Q

Differentiation

A

17d
Spherical undifferentiated spermatid to a fully differentiated spermatozoon

40
Q

Sperm journey to accessory glands:

A

Testes, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens

41
Q

Accessory glands

A

Prostate, vesicular, bulbourethral
Provides a liquid vehicle for the spz

42
Q

Axoneme

A

Microtubule based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of the flagellum in the sperm cell

43
Q

Ejaculate volume - Stallion

A

50-100ml

44
Q

Ejaculate volume - Bull

A

5-8ml

45
Q

Ejaculate volume - Ram

A

1-2ml

46
Q

Ejaculate volume - Boar

A

200-250ml

47
Q

Sperm Collection Methods

A
  • Artificial Vagina (AV)
  • Electroejaculation
  • Gloved hand (boar)
48
Q

Electroejaculation

A

When males can’t be trained for AV or used in prepubertal animals
Controlled intermittent pulses of increasing voltage
- Low –> secretion from accessory glands
- High –> ejaculation

49
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Used to count sperm cells during semen assessment

50
Q

CASA

A

Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis - analysis of sperm motility

51
Q

Live-dead ratio

A

Nigrosine eosin stain
Will only pass through membrane of dead/damaged sperm cells - shows dead cells

52
Q

Compensable

A

eg. Reduced fertility may be overcome by increasing sperm number, i.e. can be fixed

53
Q

Ivanov

A

Developed AI in Russia

54
Q

Milovanov

A

Designed first AVs for bulls, rams, and stallions

55
Q

Amantea

A

First AV in dog

56
Q

Sorensen

A

First dairy coop

57
Q

Perry

A

Published ‘The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals’

58
Q

Cassou

A

Invention of plastic straws for semen

59
Q

Polge

A

Successful freezing of chicken sperm by including glycerol(prevents initial ice crystal formation) - cryoprotectant

60
Q

Prentice

A

Head of American Breeders Service (ABS)
Developed Liquid Nitrogen containers with Linde for semen and embryo storage

61
Q

Shannon

A

Caprogen - used for fresh semen storage (prevent cold shock)
Caproic acid and catalase + 5% egg yolk

62
Q

AM/PM Rule

A

Established by Trimberger, rule for AI

63
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced in CL on ovary
Maintenance of pregnancy

64
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Produced in uterus
Responsible for regression of CL

65
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A

‘Comes from blood’
Newly formed CL

66
Q

Corpus albicans

A

Old regressed CL

67
Q

Follicles

A

Structure on ovary containing oocyte

68
Q

Developing antral (tertiary) follicle

A

Called Antral due to presence of a fluid filled antrum

69
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Follicle characterised by proliferation of surrounding granulose cells and deposition of the zone pellucida

70
Q

Infundibulum

A

Funnel-shaped structure at ovarian end of oviduct that catches oocyte at ovulation

71
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like processes on the infundibulum to aid capturing oocyte at ovulation

72
Q

Ampulla

A

Part nearest ovary

73
Q

Isthmus

A

Part nearest uterus

74
Q

Luteolysis

A

Process of CL regression

75
Q

Duplex

A

Marsupials and rabbits

76
Q

Bicornuate

A

Mare, cow, ewe

77
Q

Simplex

A

Primate (human)

78
Q

Oestrus

A

D0
Period of sexual receptivity/mating

79
Q

Polyestrous

A

Cattle
Uniform cycles throughout the year

80
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A

Sheep, goat, mare, deer
Short/Long day breeders

81
Q

Monoestrus

A

One cycle per year
Dogs

82
Q

Follicular Dynamics

A

4 phases:
- Recruitment
- Selection
- Dominance
- Atresia

83
Q

Inhibin

A

Produced by ovarian follicles; exerts negative feedback on FSH secretion

84
Q

Ultimate fate of most follicles on the ovary

A

Atresia

85
Q

Oestrous Cycle

A
  • Oestrus (D0)
  • Metoestrus (D1-4)
  • Dioestrus (D5-18)
  • Pro-oestrus (D18-20)
86
Q

Metoestrus

A

D1-4
Post-ovulatory period

87
Q

Dioestrus

A

D5-18
Corresponds to luteal phase

88
Q

Follicular phase main hormone

A

Oestradiol

89
Q

Luteal phase main hormone

A

Progesterone

90
Q

Granulosa

A

Follicular cells that form large luteal cells after ovulation

91
Q

Theca

A

Follicular cells that form small luteal cells after ovulation

92
Q

Luteolysis

A

Regression of CL

93
Q

Spermatic cord composed of

A

Pampiniform plexus, vas deferens & Cremaster muscles

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

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