Repro - female

Question 1

Normal size pelvic organs non-palpable?

Answer 1

Pelvic cavity protrudes backwards into gluteal region. Can only be examined/palpated via rectum or vagina

Question 2

Adhesions in pelvis =

Answer 2

bands of scar tissue that can cause internal organs to stick together, result of previous surgery or pelvic infection or severe stage of endometriosis

Question 3

Clinical importance of uterus flexion or version?

Answer 3

Uterovesical pouch lies in front. During C-section or hysterectomy area in front needs to be incised so bladder can be mobilised from the lower part of the uterus

Question 4

Uterus becomes palpable at what gestation?

Answer 4

12 weeks

Question 5

Uterus reaches umbilicus at what gestation?

Answer 5

22 weeks

Question 6

Menorrhagia =

Answer 6

heavy flow

Question 7

Metrorrhagia =

Answer 7

abnormal bleeding that is not associated with menstrual cycle

Question 8

Dysmenorrhoea =

Answer 8

painful menstruation

Question 9

Oligomenorrhoea =

Answer 9

infrequent menstrual periods

Question 10

Uterine prolapse =

AND DEGREES?

Answer 10

descent of the uterus into vagina. Graded by baden-walker/beecham classification system

1st degree = cervix visible when perineum is depressed-prolapse contained in vagina

2nd degree = cervix prolapsed through introitus, fundus remain in pelvis

3rd degree = complete prolapse- entire uterus is outside the introitus

Question 11

Uterine fibroids =

Answer 11

non-cancerous growth of the uterus in myometrium, usually asymptomatic, can cause heavy periods, pelvic pressure/pain, frequent urination, difficulty emptying bladder, constipation, back/leg pain

Question 12

Endometriosis =

Answer 12

tissue like one lining of womb starts to grow in other places like ovaries/fallopian tubes. Symptoms include pelvic pain, period pain, pain during/after sex, pain during urination, difficulty getting pregnant, heavy period

Question 13

Endometrial carcinoma =

Answer 13

increased oestrogen, incidence risen due to obesity, later childbirth, fewer children

Question 14

Examination for adnexal mass?

Answer 14

Transvaginal ultrasonography

Question 15

Why fallopian tube associated with medical emergency?

Answer 15

If fertilised egg implants in uterine tube

Question 16

Salpingitis =

Answer 16

inflammation of uterine tubes caused by bacterial infection, lead to adhesions of mucosa, partially blocking lumen of uterine tube. Lead to ectopic pregnancy/infertility

Question 17

Hydrosalpinx =

Answer 17

filling and expanding of uterine tube with water

Question 18

Pyosalpinx =

Answer 18

filling and expanding of uterine tube with pus

Question 19

Hematosalpnix =

Answer 19

filling and expanding of uterine tube with BLOOD

Question 20

Cervical excitation =

Answer 20

cervical motion tenderness, sign for pelvic pathology

Question 21

Structure at risk when ligating ovarian vessels?

Answer 21

URETER

Question 22

Clinical significance of female pelvic drainage?

Answer 22

Ovarian lymphatic drain into para-aortic nodes = ovarian cancer can spread to these nodes

Pelvic organs drain into external/internal iliac chain of lymph nodes

Lower vagina/vulva drain into inguinal lymph node = palpable mass in inguinal region due to vulval cancers spreading to here

Question 23

neoplasia =

Answer 23

ovarian cancer

Question 24

PCOS =

Answer 24

excess androgens, infrequent periods, fail to regularly release eggs

Question 25

Inflammatory disease =

Answer 25

infection of the female reproductive organs

Question 26

Ectopic pregnancy =

Answer 26

fertilised egg implants outside womb or in one fallopian tube

Question 27

Premature ovarian failure (POF)/POI =

Answer 27

ovaries stop producing eggs before they reach 40

Question 28

Ovarian pathology affecting thigh?

Answer 28

Due to compression of nerves, sciatic component of lumbosacral plexus

Question 29

Ovarian cysts =

Answer 29

can cause: dull/sharp pain, fullness in lower abdomen, abdominal bloating, nausea/vomiting, painful bowel movement, pain during sex, fever

Question 30

Cyst complications causing acute pain? X3

Answer 30

Rupture of ovarian cyst = haemorrhage

Ovarian torsion = leading to ovarian necrosis by blocking blood flow

Peritonitis = inflammation of mucus membrane.

Question 31

Pelvic prolapse =

Answer 31

pelvis organs slip down and bulge into the vagina

Question 32

Clinical significance of Bartholin’s gland?

Answer 32

Can be infected or injured causing a cyst

Question 33

Gartner’s duct cyst?

Answer 33

Benign cystic lesions of vagina