Head and Neck

Question 1

Why do maxillary sinuses get infected the most?

Answer 1

They drain superiorly, so sinus is prone to obstruction, mucus and foreign particles remain trapped causing infection

Question 2

what does Endoscopic maxillary sinus surgery involve?

Answer 2

removal of uncinate process to expose infundibulum- open sinuses

Question 3

Referred tooth pain relevance and symptoms?

Answer 3

symptoms include strong tooth pain in upper dentition, blocked nose, and struggle to breath. The alveolar processes of the upper molars are very close to the floor of the maxillary sinus cavity. in 10% of people, they communicate. Infection can spread, theoretically both ways. The nerves of your dental roots (alveolar nerves) could be affected by the swelling and pressure of the maxillary sinuses because of sinus infection. A deviated septum can result in poor drainage of the sinuses, thus favoring infections. ​

Question 4

what is Otitis media ? Who does it effect more and why?

Answer 4

infection of middle ear. Infants (especially in the first 2 to 4 years of life) get ear infections more than adults do for several reasons: their shorter, more horizontal eustachian tubes let bacteria and viruses find their way into the middle ear more easily. The tubes are also narrower, so more likely to get blocked. Symptoms include sleep difficulty, fever, ear pain, fluid draining from ear

Question 5

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 5

removal of salivary glands can damage facial nerve and paralysis of facial nerve

Question 6

Acute tonsilitis symptoms?

Answer 6

symptoms include throat and ear pain during swallowing, fever, opening mouth is painful, tongue is coated, mouth odour, tonsils and uvula are red with white spots, headache, thick speech, swelling and tenderness of lymph node in neck

Question 7

Enlarged adenoid symptoms and effects?

Answer 7

symptoms include persistent ear infection. The adenoid tonsils can become pathologically enlarged due to viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. In the case of recurrent infections, they can become chronically enlarged. When enlarged, the adenoids can obstruct the opening of the Eustachian tube – which is located close to the adenoid tonsils in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Question 8

what is Glue ear/ chronic otitis media with effusion

Answer 8

Chronic obstruction of the Eustachian tube prevents the equalising of pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere and normal drainage of fluid. This can lead to chronic otitis media with effusion, colloquially known as glue ear. In this condition, the static fluid and negative pressure in the middle ear provide the ideal environment for middle ear infection.

Question 9

Endotracheal tube

Answer 9

The tube has been inserted down in the oesophagus to the level of T3. The endotracheal tube has to be inserted in the trachea above the carina.

Question 10

Nasogastric tube

Answer 10

inserted into nasal cavity

Question 11

what is Parotitis and its symptoms?

Answer 11

symptoms include pain, swelling and redness in cheek and oral cavity. Is inflammation of the parotid salivary gland: it can be acute, chronic, or chronic with acute exacerbations. It can be viral (mumps) or bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) or caused by an obstruction (calculi) of the salivary ducts.