Repro-Embryology Flashcards by ricardo rangel

What is the homologous male structure in females: corpus spongiosum/corpus cavernosum

Vestibulbar bulbs

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What is the homologous male structure in females: bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)

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What is the homologous male structure in females: Prostate gland

Urethral/paraurethral glands (Skene glands)

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What is the homologous male structure in females: Ventral shaft of penis

Labia minora

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What is the homologous male structure in females: Scrotum

Labia majora

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What cell type lines the uterus?

Columnar epithelium

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What structure connects the cervix to the pelvic side wall, AND contains the uterine vessels?

Cardinal ligament

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What is the landmark required for a Pudendal Nerve block?

Ischial spine

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To where does Testicular cancer first metastasize to?

Para-aortic lymph nodes

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What structures develop from the mesonephric duct system in males?

Internal male genitals except for the prostate.

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Most common tumor in women?

Leiomyoma

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Most common gynecologic malignancy in US?

Endometrial carcinoma

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Most common gynecologic malignancy world wide?

Cervical cancer

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CF: Chocolate cyst of the ovary. What pathology is at hand?

Endometriosis

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This gene is produced at apical ectoderm ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis.

Wnt-7 Gene

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This gene is produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs. What is the gene at hand, and a defect in this gene causes what?

FGF gene

Achondroplasia

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This gene is involved in segmental organization of embryo in a craniocaudal direction. Code for transcription factors. What genes are at hand, and mutations lead to what?

Homeobox (Hox) genes

Mutations—> appendages in wrong locations

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Failure of endodermal development leads to what?

DiGeorge syndrome

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What structures arise from the paramesonephric ducts?

Fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina

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What pathology is at hand; 1st arch neural crest fails to migrate –> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities.

Treacher Collins syndrome

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1st pharyngeal arch is responsible for what CNs?

CN V2 and V3 - chew

2nd pharyngeal arch is responsible for what CN?

CN VII - facial nerve –> smile

3rd pharyngeal arch is responsible for what CNs?

CN IX–>stylopharyngeus swallow stylishly

4th pharyngeal arch is responsible for what CNs?

CN X –> 4th arch X (simply swallow)

CN X–> 6th arch X recurrent laryngeal branch (speak)

This gene is produced at the base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along anteroposterior axis and CNS development... what gene is responsible for this, and mutation can cause what?

Sonic hedgehog gene Mutation causes holoprosencephaly

hCG secretion begins around the time of implantation of blastocyst. What week of gestation is being described?

Week 1

Bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast). What week of gestation is being described?

Week 2 2 weeks = 2 layers

Gastrulation forms trilaminar embryonic disc. Primitive streak —> endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm. Notochord arises from midline mesoderm; overlying ectoderm becomes neural plate.

3 weeks 3 weeks = 3 layers

Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm, and closes. Organogenesis takes place and the baby is extremely susceptible to teratogens (Embryonic period). What week of gestation is being described?

Week 4 for neural tube closure. Embryonic period is technically week 3-8.

The heart begins to beat. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form. What week of gestation is being described?

4 weeks 4 weeks = 4 limbs and 4 heart chambers

Fetal movements start. What week of gestation is being described?

Week 8 Gait at week 8

Genetalia have male/female characteristics. What week of gestation is being described?

Week 10

When do the majority of malformations occur?

Extrinsic disruption: Weeks 3-8 —> Embryonic period

Newborn patient presents with uncoordinated sucking reflexes, irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, and possibly seizures. History of the mom being a drug addict. What pathology is at hand, and what is the most likely drug addiction?

Neonatal abstinence syndrome Opioid abuse

In twinning, the timing of cleavage determines chorionicity (number of chorions) and amnionicity (number of amnions). If cleavage occurs at 0-4 days, what is the result?

Separate chorion and amnion

In twinning, the timing of cleavage determines chorionicity (number of chorions) and amnionicity (number of amnions). If cleavage occurs at 4-8 days, what occurs?

Shared Chorion | Separate amnion

In twinning, the timing of cleavage determines chorionicity (number of chorions) and amnionicity (number of amnions). If cleavage occurs at 8-12 days, what occurs?

Shared Amnion | Separate chorion

In twinning, the timing of cleavage determines chorionicity (number of chorions) and amnionicity (number of amnions). If cleavage occurs at 13+ days, what occurs?

Shared body (conjoined twins)

What if the function of the placenta??

Gas exchange between mother and fetus

Total failure of urachus to obliterate —> urine discharge from umbilicus

Patent urachus

Partial failure of urachus to obliterate; fluid filled cavity lines with uroepithelium between umbilicus and bladder. Cyst can become infected and present as painful mass below umbilicus.

Urachal cyst

Slight failure of urachus to obliterate—> out pouching of bladder

Vesicourachal diverticulum

Vitiline duct fails to close —> meconium discharge from umbilicus

Vitelline fistula - Poop from Belly button!!

Partial closure of vitelline duct, with patent portion attached to ileum (true diverticulum). May have heterotopic gastric and/or pancreatic tissue. CF: melena, hematochezia, abdominal pain.

Meckel diverticulum

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells secrete substances that ensure male development. What are they and what is their function?

Sertoli- MIF: Müllerian inhibitory factor —> suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts. Leydig cells - secrete androgens that stimulate development of mesonephric ducts

What is the function of Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct?

Develops into female internal structures (fallopian tubes, upper portion of vagina (lower portion from urogenital sinus).

APGAR Score is used to assess vital signs for newborn delivery. What do the letters mean? What score requires further evaluation? What is the associated risk factors with a low score?

``` A-Appearance P-Pulse G-Grimace A-Activity R-Respiration ``` >7 means that the child could develop long-term neurologic damage

This abnormality is often ideopathic but associated with fetal malformations (esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly; both result in inability to swallow amniotic fluid) maternal diabetes, fetal anemia, multiple gestational. Too much amniotic fluid.

Polyhydramnios

This abnormality is associated with placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves (in males) and resultant inability to excrete urine. Any profound version of this can cause what?

Oligohydramnios —> profound version is Potter sequence

What structures arise from the paramesonephric ducts?

Fallopian tubes Uterus Upper portion of the vagina