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Year 3 anatomy > Repro Anatomy 3 > Flashcards

Repro Anatomy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The female reproductive organs include what?

A

the uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina and ovaries

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2
Q

The duct system for the transference of gametes is _____, and leads from the ovaries to the uterus, where implantation and development of the zygote occurs

This then communicates with the exterior via the _____ _____

A

short

birth canal

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3
Q

What three structures constitute the birth canal?

A

womb, cervix and vagina

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4
Q

A

A

Rectum

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5
Q

B

A

Round lig. of uterus

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6
Q

C

A

Bladder

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7
Q

D

A

Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

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8
Q

E

A

Uterovesical Pouch

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9
Q

F

A

Uterus

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10
Q

G

A

Fallopian Tube

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11
Q

H

A

Broad ligament

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12
Q

I

A

Ovary

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium (outer)

myometrium (middle)

endometrium (inner)

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14
Q

As pregnancy advances the uterus physiologically has an ‘upper’ segment and a ‘lower segment’ – what area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from?

A

isthmus of the uterine tube and the cervix

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15
Q

When a caesarean delivery is done which part of the uterus is opened to deliver the baby?

A

the lowest part of the uterus, which is thinner so results in less bleeding

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16
Q

what is the normal position of the uterus?

A

The normal position of the uterus is ‘anteflexed’ and ‘anteverted’

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17
Q

What could happen if the position of the uterus is very retroverted and retroflexed, particularly in early pregnancy?

A

Think of the position of the other organs…

may create more pressure on bladder (can cause incontinence), baby can be obstructed and a normal vaginal birth can be limited so may need to think about a c section as baby can’t pass down the pelvic inlet and outlet, constipation

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18
Q

At any surgical management of miscarriage why might it be important to know prior to instrumentation of the uterine cavity whether the uterus is anteverted or retroverted?

A

as there is many organs around it could damage them, aware of where the implantation to take place, changes angle required of where the instruments are required to go

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19
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina? How many are they?

A

Definition - superior portions of vagina extending into recesses created by vaginal portion of cervix

1) one posterior fornix
2) one anterior fornix
3) two lateral fornix

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20
Q

Through which vaginal fornix you can access the rectouterine pouch? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

posterior fornix – procedures of the rectouterine pouch can be reached through the posterior fornix e.g. to drain fluid

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21
Q

The uterus and cervix are firmly anchored in position in the pelvis by a number of ligamentous attachments.

what are they?

A

Ligament of ovary

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Round ligament of uterus

Broad ligament

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22
Q

Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia, which is one of the main supports of the uterus) is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

transverse cervical – attaches to the cervix

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23
Q

Apart from pelvic fascia, what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?

A

Pelvic diaphragm, perineal body

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24
Q

In the pelvis the cervix is a fixed structure, supported by strong ligaments to _______ movement. The uterus is supported, but has ability to ____, especially when increasing in size during pregnancy.

A

prevent

move

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25
what are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?
1) Infundibulum 2) Ampulla 3) Isthmus 4) Intramural or uterine part
26
Which part of the uterine tube is longest and widest?
ampulla
27
Fertilization occurs in which part of the uterine tube?
ampulla
28
**Clinical – Ectopic Pregnancy** What is meant by tubal (ectopic) pregnancy?
when a fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb An ectopic pregnancy is an uncommon, but important clinical diagnosis to be aware of an requires urgent surgery due to the risk of blood loss
29
What might a cornual ectopic pregnancy be?
implantation occurs in the cavity of a rudimentary horn of the uterus
30
The ovaries are located in the lateral walls of the pelvis, supported by 2 ligaments. What are the two ligaments associated with the ovary?
1. From uterus to ovary - ovarian ligament 1. Ovary to lateral pelvic wall - suspensory ligament of ovary
31
As discussed in Part 1 the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia is via two major branches from the aorta - what are they?
the ovarian (gonadal) and internal iliac arteries
32
[The ovarian artery](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_pelvis_2014/type/Views/id/42812/layer/12/angle/35/structureID/1345548) corresponds to the male testicular artery, in that they are branches directly from the abdominal aorta At what vertebral level do the ovarian arteries originate?
L2 As it descends the artery passes within the **suspensory ligament** to supply the ovaries via the **broad ligament**. Note that this vessel freely anastomoses with the **uterine artery**.
33
[ovarian veins](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_pelvis_2014/type/Views/id/42835/layer/5/angle/35/structureID/1349736) - note that the ascending course of the left and right are different – into which vessels do these paired vessels drain?
Left - **left renal vein** Right - **inferior vena cava**
34
The [uterine artery](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_pelvis_2014/type/Views/id/42823/layer/3/angle/35/structureID/1345560) crosses over the **\_\_\_\_\_\_** at the level of ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina.
**ureter** The expression “water under the bridge” reminds us of an important anatomical relation to remember during the ligation of uterine artery.
35
A
Ovarian artery
36
B
Ureter
37
C
Ovary
38
D
Uterine artery
39
**Clinical – Pelvic Surgery** Due to the close proximity of the ureter and bladder to the female reproductive organs, it is not uncommon that either can be _______ during a caesarean section or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
damaged
40
The lymphatic drainage of the internal pelvic organs largely follows the arterial supply and venous drainage described above. Which group of lymph nodes drains the ovary?
para-aortic nodes
41
**Area of Reproductive System -** Fundus and upper uterine body What is its **Lymphatic Drainage (Nodes)?**
Pre-aortic group of lymph nodes
42
**Area of Reproductive System -** Most part of uterine body What is its **Lymphatic Drainage (Nodes)?**
External iliac and lumbar nodes
43
**Area of Reproductive System -** Uterine cervix and upper vagina What is its **Lymphatic Drainage (Nodes)?**
Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes
44
**Area of Reproductive System -** Lower vagina What is its **Lymphatic Drainage (Nodes)?**
Inguinal and femoral lymph nodes Superficial inguinal, perirectal lymph nodes
45
The [breasts](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_thorax_2014/type/Slides/id/9501769/structureID/-1) are highly modified exocrine glands lying in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region. They form important accessory organs of the female reproductive system and provide nutrition to the new-born in the form of milk. Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar glands (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue). Breast extends vertically from the ___ rib to the ___ rib and horizontally from the lateral border of sternum to the mid-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ line.
2nd 6th axillary
46
Breast - Its deep surface is related to what following muscles?
pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior
47
what is the axillary tail of the breast
The axillary tail of the breast is an extension of the breast tissue into the axilla, and is important to appreciate in the spread of breast cancer (more on this later)
48
The mammary gland is extremely vascular. They are supplied by what?
[branches of subclavian and axillary arteries](https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/)
49
A
Lateral thoracic artery
50
B
Posterior intercostal artery
51
C
Right subclavian artery
52
D
Medial mammary artery, internal thoracic
53
Lymphatic drainage of the breast assumes great importance to the surgeon because cancer of the breast spreads mostly along lymphatics to the regional nodes and beyond. lymph nodes draining the breast tissue and their area of drainage - what is 1?
internal mammory
54
Lymphatic drainage of the breast assumes great importance to the surgeon because cancer of the breast spreads mostly along lymphatics to the regional nodes and beyond. lymph nodes draining the breast tissue and their area of drainage - what is 2?
supraclavicular
55
Lymphatic drainage of the breast assumes great importance to the surgeon because cancer of the breast spreads mostly along lymphatics to the regional nodes and beyond. lymph nodes draining the breast tissue and their area of drainage - what is 3?
subscapular
56
Lymphatic drainage of the breast assumes great importance to the surgeon because cancer of the breast spreads mostly along lymphatics to the regional nodes and beyond. lymph nodes draining the breast tissue and their area of drainage - what is 4?
axillary
57
Lymphatic drainage of the breast assumes great importance to the surgeon because cancer of the breast spreads mostly along lymphatics to the regional nodes and beyond. lymph nodes draining the breast tissue and their area of drainage - what is 5?
pectoral group
58
Which group of lymph nodes first receives lymph from the lateral part (quadrant) of the breast tissue?
axillary
59
Clinical - Breast Cancer: Due to the vascularity and good lymphatic drainage of the breast, malignant cells can what?
quickly spread either to the opposite breast, or to other sites in the body (bone, lung, brain)
60
what are the treatment options in breast cancer?
**1)** Chemotherapy +/- Hormone Treatment (depending on the sub-type of breast cancer) **2)** “Lumpectomy” + lymph node Biopsy (removal of suspicious lump, with surrounding biopsy of cancerous ‘hot’ lymph nodes – these are tagged using radioactive dye **3)** Mastectomy + Axillary Clearance – Removal of breast + axillary tail
61
Breast tissue undergoes cyclical changes in activity, controlled by hormones involved with the ovarian cycle is this inactive, lactation or pregnancy?
inactive
62
Breast tissue undergoes cyclical changes in activity, controlled by hormones involved with the ovarian cycle is this inactive, lactation or pregnancy?
lactation
63
Breast tissue undergoes cyclical changes in activity, controlled by hormones involved with the ovarian cycle is this inactive, lactation or pregnancy?
pregnancy
64
Which image is from the late proliferative or secretary phase of the uterus?
Left - Proliferative phase Right - Secretary phase
65
Identify the different [muscular layers of the uterine tubes](https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/oviduct.php) on the image below A
Serosa
66
Identify the different [muscular layers of the uterine tubes](https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/oviduct.php) on the image below B
Epithelium (mucosa)
67
Identify the different [muscular layers of the uterine tubes](https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/oviduct.php) on the image below C
Lumen
68
Identify the different [muscular layers of the uterine tubes](https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/oviduct.php) on the image below D
Muscularis mucosae
69
what are the types of follicles?
Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Graafian follicle
70
what is 1 and 2?
1. primary oocyte 2. follicular fluid
71
what is 1-4?
1. Secondary oocyte 2. Zona granulosa 3. follicular cells 4. follicular fluid
72
what is 1-5?
1. oocyte 2. zona pellutida 3. follicular fluid, follicular antrum 4. zona granulosa 5. theca interna
73
what is the placenta?
The placenta is a feto-maternal organ. It develops from the trophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium. It forms a link for physiological exchange between maternal and foetal circulation
74
Examine the specimens of the placenta below and note that one surface of the placenta is disc shaped and the structure is rough and spongy - the maternal side. The reverse side - foetal side, is smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord. which is which below?
left = foetal right = maternal
75
what are the functions of the placenta?
1. Gaseous Exchange 2. metabolic transfer 3. hormone secretion 4. fetal proteciton
76
At what stage of labour does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?
third stage
77
Look carefully at the cut-end of the umbilical cord, you should be able to see at least three structures, what are they?
these are the two **umbilical arteries** and single **umbilical vein** Whartons jelly = W
78
What is the function of umbilical arteries in the foetal circulation?
carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood form the fetus to the placenta
79
What structure (ligament) does the umbilical vein persist as?
round ligament of the liver, (ligament teres)
80
What is the function of umbilical veins in the foetal circulation?
carry oxygenated, nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
81
What is structure labelled W in the cross section above?
Whartons jelly/umbilical cord matrix

Year 3 anatomy (12 decks)

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