repro Flashcards
ACE inhibitor teratogen
REnal damage
alkylating agens teratogen
absence of digits, multiple anomalies
Aminoglycosides teratogen
CN VIII
carbamazepine teratogen
NTDs, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, IUGR
DES teratogen
persistence of glandular epithelium in upper 1/3 of vagina –> vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies
folate antagonists teratogen
NTDs
Lithium teratogen
Ebstein’s (atrialized RV)
Phenytoin teratogen
Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, MR
Tetracyclines teratogen
discolored teeth
thalidomide teratogen
limb defects (“flipper”)
Valproate teratogen
inhibition of maternal folate absorption –> NTDs
Warfarin teratogen
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic
heparin doesn’t cross placenta
maternal diabetse teratogen
caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, NTDs
vitamin A excess teratogen
SABs, cleft palate, cardiac anomalies
XRT teratogen
microcephaly, MR
breast epithelium
two layers!
luminal cell (epithelium) – protect duct and make milk in lobules
myoepithelial – contractile
periductal mastitits
smokers –> relative vitamin A deficiency –> squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts –> inflammation behind blockage –> subareolar mass with granulation tissue –> nipple retraction
fat necrosis
trauma –> disruption –> saponification –> calcifications, giant cells.
fibrocystic change
hormone mediated, cystic change of lobules and terminal ducts.
hormone mediated.
“vague irregularity”
“blue dome cysts,” fibrosis, cysts, apocrine metaplasia–> No increased risk for Ca!
Ductal hyperplasia (excess layers of epithelium) and sclerosing adenosis (too many glands, can be calcified) –> 2X risk
Atypical hyperplasia (ductal or lobular) –> 5X
NB incr risk of Ca is bilateral!
apocrine metaplasia
only metaplasia that doesn’t incr risk for Ca
intraductal papilloma
small tumor that grows in lactiferous ducts, beneath areola
Serous or bloody d/c
slight inc in Ca risk
must distinguish from papillary carcinoma (will lose myoepithelial cells)
fibroadenoma
small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges
mot common tumor in pre-menopausal women
incr size and pain with incr estrogen
Not pre-malignant
Phyllodes tissue
Large bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts with “leaf like projections” (similar to fibroadenoma, but overgrowth of fibrous component)
POST-menopausal women
CAN be malignant
DCIS
Ductal hyperplasia –> DCIS. Fills ductal lumen
Early malignancy w/o BM penetration
Comedo type has high grade cells with caseous necrosis and dystrophic calcification at center of ducts (detected on mammo)
