repro 3.1- puberty and the menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

internal and external genitalia, established before birth, but immature.

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2
Q

when do secondary sexual characteristics develop?

A

The changes that occur during puberty

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3
Q

Give examples of secondary sexual characterstics of the female

A

-thelarche (breast development)
-Menarche (first period)
-growth spurt
puberache- axillae and pubic hair

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4
Q

When do girls experience puberty?

A

8-13

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5
Q

Give examples of male secondary sexual characteristics.

A

testicular growth
growth spurt
deepening of voice
puberache

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6
Q

When do boys experience puberty?

A

9-14 years

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7
Q

What’s the first change to happen in females and males during puberty?

A

females- breast bud development

males- growth of the testicles

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8
Q

Why do males grow taller than females?

A

Their growth spurt begins later and lasts longer (due to no oestrogen closing the epiphyseal growth plates early).

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9
Q

What is required for puberty to happen?

A

Rise in GnRH levels, causing a rise in FSH and LH levels.

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10
Q

What is thought to cause the rise in GnRH levels?

A

development and maturation of central mechanisms.

Removal of inhibition to the hypothalamus

a critical weight being achieved (47Kg)

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11
Q

What does higher androgen levels cause?

A

-pubic and axillary hair growth

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12
Q

What does the rise in oestrogen cause (characteristic wise)

A

breast development (breasts have oestrogen receptors, which is what allows for cell growth)

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13
Q

What is the growth spurt caused by?

A

growth hormone, increased metabolic rate, increased androgens.

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14
Q

What is the critical weight needed for puberty to occur?

A

47kg.

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15
Q

Why might puberty be occuring earlier and earlier?

A

increased nutritional status, larger people,

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16
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

puberty that happens 2 SD below mean, so <8 years for girls, <9 years for boys.

17
Q

How can precocious puberty be classified?

A

true/complete- due to early maturation of the HPG axis.

False/incomplete- ovarian/testicular/arenal secretion of homrones.

18
Q

Give some causes of true precocious puberty

A

meningitis
pineal cysts
post-infectious encephalitis
primary hypothyroidism.

19
Q

How does primary hypothyroidism lead to precocious puberty

A

Hormonal mechanism not well understood, may be due to the low levels of thyroid hormones leading to an increase in TRH and GnRH, thus puberty gets started early.

20
Q

Give some caused of false precocious puberty

A

ovarian cysts
ovarian/testicular tumours
congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21
Q

How would you distinguish between true and false precocious puberty?

A

Blood tests to look at the GnRH, LH, FSH and androgen levels.

22
Q

What are some main consequences of precocious puberty?

A

early closure of the epiphyseal growth plates, leading to short stature.
Family/child distress, eg due to bullying
increased risk of sexual abuse.

23
Q

What’s the name given to the end of reproductive life for the female?

A

Climacteric.

24
Q

How can the climacteric be further subdivided?

A

pre-menopause
menopause
post-menopause

25
Q

When does the pre-menopause happen and what does it involve?

A
around 40 years old
Shortening of the follicular phase, sometimes menarche will happen without ovulation 
Falling oEstrogen levels
increasing FSH and LH levels. 
Reduced fertility
26
Q

Why do FSH and LH levels rise?

A

less oesotrogen is being produced, so there’s less negative feedback, so less inhibition of GnRH and therefore LH/FSH.

27
Q

which hormone rises faster, FSH/LH. Why?

A

FSH, along with less negative feedback due to less oestrogen, there is also less inhibin production so there is a 2 fold reduction in inhibition.

28
Q

When does the menopause happen?

A

Around age 50.

29
Q

What are some symptoms of the menopause?

A
itchy 
twitchy
sweaty
sleepy
bloated
moody
forgetful
hot flushes
30
Q

What happens in the menopause?

A

Complete cessation of menstrual periods, no more follicles left.
the uterus shrinks,
loss of vaginal rugae,
involution of breast tissue

31
Q

What happens to the bone in menopause?

A

decreased density by up to 2.5% per year, less oestrogen so less inhibition of osteoclast activity.

32
Q

What can be given to relieve the symptoms of the menopause?

A

Hormone replacement therapy, oestrogen and progesterone

33
Q

Why should most woen not take oestrogen only HRT?

A

if they have a uterus, oestrogen can act on receptors and cause excessive growth, which increases the risk of cancer.
Only women who have had a hysterectomy can take oesrogen on it’s own.

34
Q

How is HRT given?

A

Orally

topically

35
Q

what are the main associated risks of HRT?

A

increased risk of breast cancer (and womb cancer in those who have had a hysterectomy).