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Skye's ESA 4 > H&N 9.1 Oral cavity and tongue. > Flashcards

H&N 9.1 Oral cavity and tongue. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • roof- hard and soft palate
  • lateral- cheeks, buccinator muscles within
  • floor- tongue and soft tissues
  • posterior-oropharyngeal isthmus
  • anterior- oral fissure
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2
Q

What is meant by the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

a short space which is the connection between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.

anteriorly bound by the palatoglossal arch, and posteriorly by the pallatopharyngeal arch.

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3
Q

What is the oral fissure?

A

the opening to the mouth

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4
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

the space between the teeth and the cheeks/lips.

you can runs you’re tongue in it

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5
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

From the teeth to the ring made by the palatopharyngeal arch, uvula, and tip of epiglottis.

(together with the oral vestibule makes up the oral cavity)

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6
Q

What 2 arches are found within the mouth?

A
  • pallatoglossal arch (Anterior)

- pallatopharyngeal arch (posterior)

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7
Q

What makes up the hard pallate within the mouth?

A
  • The same as is found on the floor of the nasal cavity.

- pallatine process of maxilla and the pallatine bones.

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8
Q

What holes are found within the hard pallate?

A
  • incisor foreamen

- greater palatine foramen.

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9
Q

What runs through the incisor foramen?

A
  • nasopalatine nerves (from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve)
  • sphenopalatine artery.
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10
Q

What runs through the greater palatine foramina?

A

descending palatine artery and greater palatine nerve.

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11
Q

What is the soft palate of the oral cavity made from?

A

-the palatoglossus and the palatopharyngeus muscles (the same muscles that make up the arches)

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12
Q

What is the function of the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus?

A

They act to elevate the soft palate during swallowing and yawning.

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the pallatoglossus and pallatopharyngeus muscles?

A

Vagus nerve.

pharyngeal branch

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14
Q

What would happen to the uvula if the right vagus nerve was damaged?

A

It would deviate away from the affected side, because the unnaffected side will be unopposed, leading to deviation to the left.

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15
Q

What is the function of the gag reflex?

A

To prevent choking, acts by involuntarily lifting the soft palate muscles.

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16
Q

What are the limbs of the gag reflex?

A

Afferent limb- glossopharyngeal nerve (sensory to the back of the tongue, uvula, tonsillar area)

Efferent limb- vagus nerve (motor to the pharyngeal muscles of the soft palate)

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17
Q

Why is the gag reflex not usually formally tested?

A

it’s unpleasant.

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18
Q

What are the order of the teeth found in an adult, from front to back?

A 
Incisor (central)
Incisor (lateral)
Canine 
Premolar 
1st molar 
2nd molar 
3rd molar (wisdom tooth)
19
Q

What is the sensory supply to the teeth?

A
  • lower jaw via the inferior alveolar nerve (from the mandibular nerve)
  • upper jaw via the superior alveolar nerves (from the maxillary nerve)
20
Q

What might cause loss of sensation to the lower jaw?

A

A fracture of the mandible, the inferior alveolar nerve runs through the bone of the mandible, so is likely to get damaged.

21
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • styloglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • genioglossus
  • palatoglossus
22
Q

what is the general function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

to move the position of the tongue.

23
Q

What are the functions of:

1) styloglossus
2) Hyoglossus
3) genioglossus

A

1) to elevate and retract the tongue
2) to depress and retract the tongue
3) to protrude the tongue

24
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • vertical
  • transverse
  • inferior longitudinal
25
Q

What is the general function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

To change the shape of the tongue.

26
Q

What are the specific actions of the following tongue muscles:

1) superior longitudinal
2) vertical muscle
3) transverse muscle
4) inferior longitudinal

A

1) to curl the tongue up
2) to make the tongue flatter
3) to make the tongue rounder in shape, drawing in the sides
4) to curl the tongue down.

27
Q

What nerve supplies the tongue muscles?

A

Hypoglossus

28
Q

What would happen if there was damage to the right hypoglossus nerve?

A

You’d get deviation towards the affected side, so youd get deviation to the right.

29
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the tongue?

A

-General sensory via the lingual nerve, a branch of V3.

Special sensory- anterior 2/3 via the chorda tympani, posterior 1/3 via the glossopharyngeal nerve.

30
Q

How does the parotid gland secrete into the oral cavity?

A

Via stensons duct, which overlies the second maxillary molar

31
Q

How does the submandibular gland secrete into the oral cavity?

A

Via Whartons duct, which opens underneath the tongue.

32
Q

How does the sublingual gland secrete into the oral cavity?

A

Via many different ducts into the base of the mouth

33
Q

Which salivary glands are most likely to form stones and why?

A

Submandibular, because they produce thicker saliva (serous and mucus, as opposed to parotid whihc produces only serous saliva)

34
Q

How would a salivary stone present?

A

pain and/or swelling at meal times (When saliva gets produced more)

May be able to see a whartons duct stone

35
Q

How are salivary stones treated?

A
  • small ones may resolve on their own

- larger ones will need surgical removal

36
Q

What tissues make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

adenoid
palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil

All made of lymphoid tissue

37
Q

What is tonsilitis?

A

Inflammation of the palatine tonsil

known by lay people simply as ‘tonsil’

38
Q

What signs/symptoms are associated with tonsilits?

A
  • enlarged tonsils
  • erythematous
  • oodynophagia (pain)
  • dysphagia (difficulty)
  • exudate
  • fever
  • dry cough
  • lymphadenopathy
39
Q

What commonly causes tonsillitis?

A

usually due to infection:

Viral- rhinovirus, adenovirus

Bacterial- beta-haemolytic strep.

40
Q

What are some features of viral tonsilitis?

A
  • a dry cough

- symptoms of URTI (rhinnorrhoea, congestion, sore throat, headache)

41
Q

What are some features of bacterial tonsilitis?

A
  • exudate on tonsils
  • cervical lymphadenopathy
  • fever
  • absence of a cough
42
Q

What is a severe complication of tonsilitis?

What causes this?

A

Peritonsilar abscess- Quinsy.

Usually strep pyrogens.

43
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of a quinsy?

A
  • deviated uvula (because unilateral)
  • loss of palatoglossal arch
  • systemically unwell
  • hot potato voice
  • drooling
44
Q

What actions do you take if you discover someone with quinsy?

A

Immediate same day referral to ENT.

Need drainage of the absess immediately by a specialist (lots of nerves running close by)

Skye's ESA 4 (48 decks)

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