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Skye's ESA 4 > H&N 2.1 osteology > Flashcards

H&N 2.1 osteology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

22

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2
Q

How can the skull be divided up?

A

Neurocranium (which can be further split into calvaria and base of skull) and viscerocranium

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3
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

14

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4
Q

Name the bones that make up the viscerocranium.

A 
2x lacrimal 
2x nasal
2x maxilla
2x pallatine 
2x zygomatic bone
2x inferior nasal conchae
vomer 
mandible
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5
Q

How many bones make up the neurocranium?

A

8

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6
Q

Name the bones that make up the neurocranium.

A 
2x parietal
2x temporal 
ethmoid 
sphenoid 
frontal 
occipital
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7
Q

What 2 types of joints are found within the skull?

A
  • immobile joints (between bones, sutures, strong fibrous tissue)
  • mobile- hinge joint of TMJ.
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8
Q

What sutures do we have within the skull?

A

coronal suture
sagital suture
lamboid suture
squamous suture

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9
Q

What do Bregma, lambda and the pterion signify?

A

They are where 2 or more sutures join.

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10
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

In the developing child, the skull doesnt form fully before birth, there are holes between bones before theyve fused.
‘Membranous area of unfused skull.
might be known as soft spots.

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11
Q

What are 2 functions of fontanelles?

A
  • skull is more flexible which aids birth

- allows the brain to grow

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12
Q

What’s important to look out for with the fontanelles? what might this signify?

A

If they’re sunken- sign of dehydration

If they’re bulging- signs of raised ICP, poor prognosis

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13
Q

What does the anterior fontanelle form?

A

Bregma

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14
Q

What does the posterior fontanelle form?

A

Lamba

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15
Q

How many cervical vertabrae do we have?

A

7

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16
Q

How many cervical nerves do we have?

A

8

17
Q

Give some distinguishing features of C1- Atlas.

A
  • has no cell body
  • doesnt have a bifid spinous process (doesnt really have one)
  • anteriorly has a facet for articulating with the dens.
  • lateral masses either side to attach transverse ligaments of the atlas.
18
Q

Give some distinguishing features of C2- Axis

A

Has the dens which will articulate with the anterior facet on the atlas, and allows for rotation of the head.

19
Q

If you suspect a skull fracture, what imaging method would you use?

A

CT scan.

20
Q

What bones join to make the pterion?

A

Parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal

21
Q

What is the significance of the pterion?

A

It is the weakest part of the skull, and running directly below it is the middle meningeal artery, so damage to the pterion can damage the middle meningeal artery.

22
Q

What is it called when damage to the pterion damages the middle meningeal artery and blood builds up?

A

extradural haemorrhage

23
Q

Between what layers do extradural heamorrhages occur?

A

The periosteum and the dura mater (outermost dural layer)

24
Q

Why is an extradural haemorrhage dangerous?

A

As the blood builds up, it pushed the brain and surrounding structures away, the midline gets shifted. You get a raised ICP, which can lead to respiratory failure.

25
Q

What are some typical signs of a basilar skull fracture?

A 
CSF rhinorrhoea 
battles sign (bruising of mastoid)
raccoons sign (bilateral bruising around eyes)
26
Q

What complications can arise following a basilar skull fracture?

A
  • meningeal tears which can lead to reduced CSF volume (rhinorrhoea), and can be a route for infection, leading to meningitis
  • Cranial nerve palsies, due to damage of one or more of hte cranial nerves
  • if neurosurgical intervention is required, this itself carries high risk of lots of complications.
27
Q

What can osteoarthritis of the spine lead to?

A

cervical spondylosis

28
Q

What are some features of cervical spondylosis?

A 
bony spurs
disc space narrowing 
facet joint hypertrophy
disc herniation
sclerosis of the end plates
29
Q

What are the 2 main complications of cervical spnodylosis?

A

cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

cervical spondylotic myelopathy

30
Q

What happens in cervical spondylotic radiculopathy?

A

There is spinal nerve impingement, usually you’ll get arm pain, and mild weakness and sensory loss

31
Q

what happens in cervical spondylotic myelopathy?

A

Compression of the spinal cord, this leads to loss of function, and general loss of fine motor skills in the upper limb.

Skye's ESA 4 (48 decks)

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