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Skye's ESA 4 > H&N 4.1 cranial nerves > Flashcards

H&N 4.1 cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs (24)

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2
Q

Where do they arise from?

A

Mainly the brainstem, some directly off the brain

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3
Q

What’s a difference between the arrangement of the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves?

A

Spinal nerves arise at regular intervals, cranial nerves do not

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4
Q

Are the cranial nerves part of the central or peripheral nervous system?

A

peripheral

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5
Q

What are the different types of fibres that cranial nerves carry?

A
  • general sensory
  • special sensory
  • motor
  • autonomics (hitchhike)
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6
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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7
Q

How many cranial nerves come from each part of the brain stem?

A

forebrain-2
midbrain-2
pons-4
medulla-4

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8
Q

What nerve is CN1?

A

olfactory nerve

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9
Q

What is the course of the olfactory nerve?

A
  • from the nasal mucosa
  • through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • to the olfactory bulb
  • along the olfactory tracts
  • to the forebrain
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10
Q

What fibres does CN1 carry?

Therefore, what is it’s function?

A

Special sensory- conveys the sense of smell.

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11
Q

How would you test CN1?

A

test one nostril at a time, to see if the patient could smell certain smells, such as coffee.

Not formally tested

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12
Q

What is the result of damage to the olfactory nerve?

A

Anosmia

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13
Q

What are some different causes of anosmia?

A
  • temporary eg due to a virus
  • degenerative- for example alzhaemiers
  • permanent (eg if there has been trauma which has damaged the olfactory nerve)
  • congenital (eg Kallman’s syndrome)
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14
Q

What is Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

a chromosomal abnormality leading to malformation of the hypothalamus which leads to lack of GnRH release, and also anosmia.

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15
Q

How can trauma lead to damage of the olfactory nerve?

A

blunt trauma will cause movement of the brain within the cranial cavity, which may cause the cribriform plate to shear the olfactory nerves, leading to anosmia.

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16
Q

What nerve is CN2?

A

optic nerve

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17
Q

What is the route of the optic nerve?

A

From the retina

optic canal

through the optic chiasm

optic tracts

forebrain

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18
Q

What’s anatomically important about the optic chiasm?

A

It lies very close to the pituitary gland, so any tumour etc can compress the optic chiasm and affect sight.

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19
Q

What nerve fibres are contained in CN2?

What is its function?

A
  • special sensory

- sight.

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20
Q

How would you test the optic nerve?

A

Visual acuity (letter charts)
visual fields
pupillary reflex.

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21
Q

Describe the pupillary reflex.

A

When bright light is shone in the eye, the optic nerve conveys this to the brain, this stimulates the parasympathetic nerve fibres on the occulomotor nerve to carry a signal to cause pupilalry constriction.

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22
Q

Why do patients with meningitis suffer from photobia?

A

meningitis causes inflammation of the meninges, the covering of the brain.
The optic nerve is a direct extension of the brain, so the inflammation will cause impingement of the nerve, so sight will be affected. light causes irritation, becuase the signals have to travel down an injured nerve.

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23
Q

How can you visually see the optic nerve?

A

Via a fundoscope, seen as the optic disc.

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24
Q

What nerve is CN3?

A

Occulomotor nerve.

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25
Q

What is the route of CN3?

A

arises from the midbrain
through the cavernous sinus
travels through the superior orbital fissue to enter the orbit.

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26
Q

What nerve fibres does the occulomotor nerve carry?

What’s its function?

A

Motor

(autonomics hitchhike)

movement of the eyeball (and constriction of the pupil in response to light)

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27
Q

What muscles are innervated by the occulomotor nerve?

A
  • medial rectus
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • levator palpabrae superioris
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28
Q

How can you test the occulomotor nerve?

A

Test eye movement asking the patient to follow a H shape.
Also test the pupillary light reflex.
ask patient to open eyes against resistance.

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29
Q

What’s the function of levator palpabrae superioris?

A

to elevate the superior eyelid.

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30
Q

What happens when there is damage to the occulomotor nerve?

A
  • down and out position
  • diplopia
  • dilated pupil
  • ptosis of the eye
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31
Q

What is ptosis?

How can it be further classified?

A

dropping of the upper eyelid.

Full ptosis- closed eye
partial ptosis- partially closed.

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32
Q

What are some causes of occulomotor lesions?

A

trauma
raised ICP
cavernous sinus thrombosis
diabetes

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33
Q

In raised ICP, what changes to the eye would you see first and why?

A 
Blown pupil (excessive dilation). 
The parasympathetics run on the outside of the occulomotor nerve, so will be affected first.
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34
Q

What nerve is CNIV?

A

trochlea nerve

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35
Q

What is the route of the trochlea nerve?

A

Comes from the midbrain, but dorsally, so has a long course. (longest CN)
through the cavernous sinus,

36
Q

What fibres does the trochlea nerve carry?

What’s it’s function?

A

motor only

movement of the eye

37
Q

What muscle(s) does the trochlea nerve innervate?

A

The superior oblique muscle.

38
Q

How do you test the trochlea nerve?

A

eye movements, using the H shape.

39
Q

What would you see in a patient with trochlea nerve damage?

What would the patient complain of?

A

Slight tilt of the head to compensate for the loss of innervation to the superior oblique.
Patient would complain of diplopia thats worse when reading/going down stairs.

40
Q

How can damage to the trochlea nerve occur?

A

trauma or raised ICP common (due to long course of nerve it’s commonly affected)
congenital palsies.

41
Q

What nerve is CNV?

A

Trigeminal nerve

42
Q

What’s are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

43
Q

What’s the route of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

opthalmic- through the cavernous sinus and through the superior orbital fissure

maxillary- through the cavernous sinus and then through the foramen rotundum

Mandibular- through the foreamen ovale.

44
Q

What fibres are carried by the trigeminal nerve?

What’s it’s function

A

Mainly general sensory- provides mostof the sensation over the face

Motor- along the mandibular nerve, innervate the muscles of mastication

45
Q

How do you test the trigeminal nerve?

A

Test light touch over the areas of the face (the forehead, the cheeks and the chin).

Ask pateint to clench teeth and feel for the muscles of mastication, or observe them chewing something.

corneal reflex

46
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

sudden severe facial pain that comes in attacks for brief periods. Often caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve,

47
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A

A rapid protective reflex which causes blinking when the eye detects a threat.
Afferent limb- opthalmic branch of CNV.

Efferent- facial nerve.

48
Q

What nerve is CN VI?

A

Abducens nerve

49
Q

What is the route of abducens nerve?

A

Arises from the pons,

Goes through the cavernous sinus

Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure

50
Q

What fibres are carried on abducens nerve?

What’s it’s function?

A

motor only.

Innervates a muscle involved in movement of the eye.

51
Q

What muscle is innervated by abducens nerve?

A

lateral rectus muscle

52
Q

How can you test abducens nerve?

A

test eye movements.

53
Q

How could abducens nerve be damaged?

A

Raised ICP

runs under the surface of the pons so is suceptible to stretching

54
Q

What would be the features of damage to abducens nerve?

A

diplopia

one eye would drift towards the midline (obvious deformity)

55
Q

What nerve is CNVII?

A

Facial nerve

56
Q

What is the route of the facial nerve?

A

Very complex!
Involves travelling through the internal accoustic meatus, going through the petrous part of the temporal bone and through the styloid foreamen, before braching.

57
Q

What nerve fibres are carried on the facial nerve?

A

motor- muscles of facial expression, stapedius

special sensory- taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)

autonomics- lacrimal glands

58
Q

What are the 3 major intracranial branches of the facial nerve?

A

greater petrosal nerve

nerve to stapedius

chorda tympani

59
Q

What nerve is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlea nerve

60
Q

Whats the route of the vestibulocochlea nerve?

A

Through the internal accoustic meatus.

61
Q

What fibres run with the vestibulocochlear nerve?

What’s it’s function?

A

Special sensory fibres only

Allow us to hear sound, and balance.

62
Q

How do we test the vestibularcochlear nerve?

A

Test hearing (Rinne and webers test)

Test balance

63
Q

What will damage to CNVIII lead to?

A

Hearing loss

loss of balance,

vertigo, tinnitus

64
Q

What is an accoustic neuroma?

A

a benign growth within the IAM/on the vestbiulocochlear nerve, and cause changes to hearing and balance.

65
Q

What nerve is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve.

66
Q

What is the route of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Runs through the jugular foreamen.

67
Q

What nerve fibres are within the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

motor- stylopharyngeus

special sensory- taste to posterior 1/3 tongue

general sensory-soft palate, tonsils, oropharynx, tympanic membrane, Carotid body and sinus.

autonomic- parotid gland.

68
Q

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

elevates the larynx and pharynx and allows swallowing.

69
Q

How can you test the function of CN IX?

A

could test the gag reflex (not formally tested)

Could test taste (not formally tested)

70
Q

describe the gag reflex.

A

contraction of the back of the throat evoked by toushing posteior tongue, uvular, tonsils, back of throat.

Afferent- glossopharyngeal
Efferent- motor nerves of vagus nerve to contract.

71
Q

What nerve is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

72
Q

What is the route of the vagus nerve?

A

Travels through the jugular foreamen,

Goes through the carotid sheath, into the neck.

73
Q

What fibres are carried on the vagus nerve?

A

general sensory- laryngopharynx, larynx, small part of ear

motor- muscles of larynx, pharynx and soft palate

autonomic- parasympathetic to thorax and abdominal viscera.

74
Q

How can you test the vagus nerve?

A

Test speech

test the gag reflex

test swallowing

test coughing

75
Q

What would be a visible finding of a damaged vagus nerve/

A

deviated uvula when saying ahhh.

Uvula would be deviated away from lesion.

76
Q

What is the signifance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the neck?

A

It’s a branch of the vagus nerve on the right side.

It loops under the right subclavian artery and ascends to the larynx, where it innervates most of the intrinsic muscles, including the vocal chords]

77
Q

How could you tell if the recurrent laryngeal nerve was damaged

A

There’s be a hoarseness of voice, due to loss of innervation of the vocal cords.

78
Q

What’s the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Turns underneith the arch of the aorta.

79
Q

What nerve is CN XI?

A

the spinal accessory nerve

80
Q

What is the course of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Courses through the jugular foreamen and then travels down through the posterior triangle.

81
Q

What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve.

What nerve fibres does it carry?

A

motor nerves, innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

82
Q

How can you test CN XI?

A

By asking patient to turn head against resistnace and shrug shoudlers against resistnace.

83
Q

What nerve is CN XII?

A

hypoglossal nerve.

84
Q

What is the route of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

through the hypoglossal canal, then runs medial to the angle of the mandible, and crosses the internal and external carotid arteries.

85
Q

What nerve fibres does the hypoglossal nerve carry?

What’s it’s function?

A

motor fibres to innervate the muscles of the tongue.

86
Q

What would be seen in damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

A

wasting of the tongue on teh affected side and deviation towards the affected side.

87
Q

When is the hypoglossal nerve at risk of damage?

A

When doing surgery on the carotid arteries.

Skye's ESA 4 (48 decks)

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