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MEDICINE Yr2 Sem2 > REPRO > Flashcards

REPRO Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the changes in number of oocytes as a female develops?

A

1 - Pre-natal = 6 million
2 - Birth = 1 million
3 - Puberty = 300,000
4 - Menopause = 1000

*** Average woman lifetime oocyte release = 400

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2
Q

Which layer of ENDOMETRIUM is shed during menstruation?

A

Stratum Functionalis (NOT BASALIS)

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3
Q

What are the 2 phases of the Ovarian Cycle?

A

1- FOLLICULAR (1-14) = Follicle growth
2- LUTEAL (15-28) = Corpus Luteum activity

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4
Q

What is the progression of a follicle?

A

1- Primordial Follicle
2- Primary Follicle
3- Pre-Antral Follicle
4- Early Antral Follicle
5- Mature Follicle

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5
Q

What are some key features of the Primordial Follicle?

A
  • First Phase
  • Surrounded by a single layer of granulose cells
  • In ovary since birth –> remain dormant until receive signals for activation
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6
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells surrounding the follicle?

A
  • Provide nutrients
  • Produce estrogen + progesterone
  • Receptor for FSH = stimulates proliferation + growth of follicle.
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7
Q

What are some key feature of the Primary Follicle?

A
  • Granulosa cells turn from squamous to cuboidal
  • Zona Pellucida forms
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8
Q

What are some key features of the Pre-antral follicle?

A
  • Granulosa cells turn from simple to stratifies
  • Theca layers develops -> produces androgens that granulosa cells convert to estrogen
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9
Q

What are some key features of the Early Antral follicle?

A
  • 10-15 pre antral follicles grow + develop into larger antral follicles
  • Antrum forms (cavity w follicular fluid - enzymes, hormones)
  • Proliferation of theca layer to become stratified
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10
Q

What are some key features with the Mature follicle?

A
  • 1 large antral –> dominant follicle
  • (rest undergo atresia = apoptosis)
  • Antrum expands
  • Ovum completes meiosis 1 then separate from follicle and enters abdo cavity.
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11
Q

Outline the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal axis?

A

1- GnRH = signal release of FSH and LF (anterior)
2- LH = act on thecal cells –> estrogen production
3- FSH actos on granulosa cells –> estrogen production

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12
Q

Outline trend in FSH levels?

A
  • Increases as pulses increase
  • Spike at ovulation, then slowly decrease

***increases sensitivity of follicle to LH

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13
Q

Outline the trend in LH levels?

A
  • Constant until 18hrs before ovulation
  • Big spike = LH surge
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14
Q

Why does a LH surge occur?

A
  • In early phases = estrogen = negative feedback
  • Increasing levels of estrogen = no longer a negative feedback, but REVERSES into a Positive
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15
Q

Outline trend in estrogen and progesterone levels?

A

ESTROGEN = Rapid increase as dominant follicle grown bc of thecal and granulose cells
- Rapid decrease due to degenerating corpus luteum

PROGESTERONE = Rapid increase w corpus luteum
- Rapid decrease when corpus luteum degenerates

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16
Q

What are the types of INHIBIN and what is its function?

A

INHIBIN = correlates w FSH and LH –> negative feedback on pituitary

INHIBIN A = Produced by Large Follicles + Corpus Luteum

INHIBIN B = Produced by small follicle

17
Q

What are the 3 major phases of the Uterine Cycle?

A

1 = Menstrual
2 = Proliferative
3 = Secretory

18
Q

Outline the Menstrual Phase?

A
  • Day 1-5
  • Shedding of functionalis layer
  • TRIGGER = degen corpus luteum = fall in estrogen and progesterone –> decrease in prostaglandins in uterine wall
19
Q

What is the effect of a decrease in prostaglandins?

A
  • Constriction of spiral arteries –> ischaemic death of endometrial cells
  • Uterine contractions
  • After some time the spiral arterioles dilate –> bleeding
20
Q

Outline the Proliferative Phase?

A
  • Day 6-14
  • Rebuilding of functionalis, bc of increasing estrogen and progesterone
  • Spiral arteries increase in number
  • Thickening of functionalis layer
  • Cervical mucis = thick –> thin for passage of sperm
  • Ovulation = marks end of this phase
21
Q

Outline the Secretory Phase?

A

Day 15-28
- Prepare for implantation
- Functionalis actively secretes nutrients (glycogen + glycoproteins)
- Cervical mucus = becomes thick to prevent sperm/bacteria from entering

22
Q

How many days does it take for uterus to allow for implantation?

A

6-7 days (time from egg to travel through fallopian tube)

23
Q

How does oral contraceptive pill work?

A
  • Consists of estrogen and progesterone –> negative feedback on hypothalamus –> decreased GnRH, LH, FSH –> prevent mid cycle LH surge –> prevent ovulation
24
Q

What is PCOS?

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

  • Disturbed pulsatile release of HnRH
  • Hypersecretion of LH –> too many androgens –> follicular arrest
25
Q

What are Tanner Stages of Puberty?

A

Stages 1-5

1 - No signs
2 - Breast bidding + initial testicular growth + pubic hair
3 - Enlargement of breast / areola + growing penis
4 - Projection of areolar + further penile development (glans)
5 - Puberty finished

26
Q

What may be some reasons for delayed puberty?

A

Could be ‘late bloomer’
OR
Could be Hypogonadotrophic + Hypodonadusm
Maybe Pituitary tumour
Maybe congenital

27
Q

Outline the Aging-Reproductive axis in regards to Menopause?

A

Decrease ovarian activity –> Decreased Estrogen + Inhibin production –> NEGATIVE FEEDBACK –> Increased FSH + LH + GnRH

28
Q

What is Premature Ovarian Insuffeciency?

A

Ovarian Cessation before age of 40 years.
Many different causes –> genetic + idoipathic + chemo + smoking etc

29
Q

What are the clinical consequences of Menopause?

A

Due to decreased estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

Inc risk of Osteopenia + Osteoarthritis
Inc risk of CVD + Metabolic syndrome

30
Q

What are the steps in FERTILISATION?

A

1- Capacitation
2- Zona Pellucida binding
3- Acrosome rxn
4- Penetration of sperm through Zona Pellucida
5- Membrane fusion
6- Egg activation

31
Q

Elaborate of CAPACITATION of Fertilisation?

A

**Process for sperm to undergo –> enhance motility –> fertilise egg

-Cholesterol on sperm = removed
- Sperm tail moving fast to penetrate zona pellucida

32
Q

What is ZP?

A

Glycoproteins which control the binding of sperm to oocyte

-ZP1, ZP2, ZP3

-Sperm binds to ZP3 –> Acrosome reaction
- Acrosome sperm then binds to ZP2

Sperm then empties contents into oocyte

33
Q

Outline IMPLANTATION?

A

Fertilised oocyte –> zygote –> blastomere –> morula –> blastocyst –> implanting blastocyst

1- Integrin + Selectin on trophoblast cells bind to ECM of endometrial cells

2- Trophoblast cells differentiate into

Secrete proteolytic enzymes –> break down endometrium –> can be buried

2/3 blastocysts fail to implant

34
Q

What is a placenta?

A

Organ used for exchanginf materials between mother + fetus
CHORIONIC VILLI extend from Chorion into endometrium

MEDICINE Yr2 Sem2 (8 decks)

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