HP

Question 1

What are the 5 OTTAWA Principles?

Answer 1

1- Build healthy public policy
2- Create supportive environments
3- Strengthen community action
4- Develop personal skills
5- Re-orient services towards illness prevention + HP

Question 2

What is the goal of Primary Health Care?

Answer 2

Operationalise equitable access to improve health outcomes.

Question 3

What is the goal of ‘Health in all” Policies

Answer 3

Operationalise inter-sectorial regulatory change to improve health outcomes.

Question 4

How to implement the ‘Health in all’ framework?

Answer 4

1- Establish needs + priorities for HiAP
2- Fram planned action
3- Identify supportive structures and processes
4- Facilitate assessment + engagement
5- Ensure monitoring, evaluation and reporting
6- Build capacity

Question 5

What are the 3 key features of ‘Planetary Health’?

Answer 5

1- Inter-generational equity
2- Eco-social perspective of Health
3- Transdisciplinary Approach

Question 6

Elaborate on the ‘Inter-generational equity’ component of Planetary Health

Answer 6

Addressing the world which the next gen will inherit

Question 7

Elaborate on the ‘ Eco-social perspective of Health’ component of Planetary Health

Answer 7

Approach which understands the connectedness between natural systems + health

Question 8

Elaborate on the ‘ Transdisciplinary Approach’ component of Planetary Health

Answer 8

Develop policies to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health.

Question 9

What are some challenges which need to be addressed in regards to Health Policies?

Answer 9

1- Imagination challenges (conceptual failures)
2- Research + Info challenges (Knowledge failures)
3- Governance challenges (Implementation failures)

Question 10

What are some things the ‘Primary Health Care’ policy is based on?

Answer 10

• Evidence based
• Inter sectorial
• Cultural acceptability
• Tech access
• Affordability
• First contact w health care system
• Participatory approach

Question 11

What is Primary Prevention? Give some examples

Answer 11

Aim = Reduce chance of disease happening

Target = Risk group + factors

Eg: Education + Immunisations + Safe environments

Question 12

What is Secondary Prevention? Give some examples

Answer 12

Aim = Early detection of a disease (before symptomatic)

Target = Risk group + factors

Eg: Pap smears + Mammography + BP check + Blood test

Question 13

What is Tertiary Prevention? Give some examples

Answer 13

Aim = Minimise effects of established disease (prevent progression)

Target = Chronic Illness + Disability

Eg: Rehab + Support + Lifestyle Management

Question 14

What is the difference between Population Approach and Targeted Approach?

Answer 14

Population = Apply to an entire population + idea of every member of society should have equitable access to health

Targeted = Apply to priority sub-group within the broader population + directed to disadvantaged member –> close the gap

Question 15

What are the 3 components of Health Promotion Strategies (Labonte)?

Answer 15

1= Medical - Health care

2= Behavioural - Mass media behavioural change

3= Socio-environmental - Encourage community organisation

Question 16

What is the difference between ACTIVISM and AGENCY advocacy?

Answer 16

Activism = Action that brings about institutional change

Agency = Navigation through healthcare system (esp when individual would have encountered barrier if done individually)

Question 17

What is the difference between SHARED and DIRECTED approaches?

Answer 17

Shared = contribution of healthcare providers (based on collaboration –> partners)

Directed = representation or expert guidance on an issue (Professional decision)

Question 18

What is the 5A’s framework?

Answer 18

-Ask = Identify patients w risk factors
-Assess = Level of risk
-Advise = Provide written info to negotiate goals
-Assist = Develop management plan
-Arrange = Referral to services

Question 19

What are the barriers to effective health promotion?

Answer 19

-Lack of time
-Inadequate infrastructure
-Training gaps
-Lack of integration at policy level

Question 20

What is the difference between Capitalism and Neoliberalism?

Answer 20

CAP = Freedom to trade WITHIN the regulations of a wider state

NEO = (Form of CAP) = Maximises free market by reducing power of state.

Question 21

What are some features of NEOLIBERALISM?

Answer 21

1- Privatisation - Less public sector
2- Deregulation - Reduce state power
3- Maximise free trade - Decreased tariffs

Question 22

What is the correlation between Non-communicable diseases and emerging countries?

Answer 22

77% of NCD deaths are in low/middle-income countries - Increasing prevalence

Question 23

What is the correlation between food security and trade liberalisation?

Answer 23

• Displacement of local farmers (most of industry control by 4 corporations)
• Climate change –> crop health
• Deregulation of agriculture sector = less protection for small farmers

Question 24

Outline what happened with Anti-retroviral politics?

Answer 24

Drugs created in 2000 (10-15k per patient - 3 drug therapy)
Countries could make cheaper versions
International trade agreement (IP) prevented them from being sold.
Nelson Mandela (SA) ordered Health minister to by inexpensive versions
39 Pharm countries too action against SA
SA placed on USA ‘priority watch list’ for trade sanctions

Question 25

What is the correlation between low income countries and essential medicines?

Answer 25

1 third of countries dont have access to essential meds
-High prices + tariffs
-Inefficient processes
-Social factors - transport + income + food security