Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Small animal > REPRO > Flashcards

REPRO Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone do follicles secrete?

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

To prepare the animal for pregnancy (closes cervix, endometrial thickening and secretions, mammary development)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long is the luteal phase in bitches?

A

~70 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How long is anestrus?

A

3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does prolactin start to rise?

A

25 days into the luteal phase (pregnancy or pseudo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of prolactin?

A

Luteotrophic so supports the corpus luteum and therefore progesterone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can you terminate an unwanted pregnancy 20 days in?

A
  • prolactin inhibitor (Cabergoline) = best (25 days)
  • Prostaglandin (side effects) (20 days)
  • Progesterone inhibitor like Aglepristone (Alizin) (can be used at any stage but after 20 days signs of partition so not nice for dog)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you terminate an unwanted pregnancy within 2 weeks?

A

Progesterone inhibitor - Aglepristone (Alizin)
If within 72 hours can give oestrogen (Mesalin(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to a queens dominant follicles if ovulation isn’t induced during oestrus?

A

They regress and there is no luteal phase (inter-oestrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long until the next follicular wave in queens if no ovulation occurs?

A

16-21 days typically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you detect if a queen hasn’t ovulated?

A

Progesterone concentrations will remain low and oestrogen would be high (no luteal phase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what stage are dog oocytes release at?

A

Primary oocytes but survive for a long time in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 methods to determine optimal breeding time in bitches

A
  1. Measure hormone changes (Progesterone)
  2. Vaginoscopy
  3. Behaviour and vulval swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

After being ovulated, how long until the primary oocyte can be fertilised?

A

2-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathogen you can screen for for bitches and queens?

A

Bitches: Canine herpesvirus
Queens: FeLV
No bacterial venereal pathogens in UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is vaginal hyperplasia an issue during oestrus?

A

It may prevent breeding by causing the vagina to protrude from the vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the endoscopic appearance of vagina during pro oestrus or oestrus?

A

Oedematous phase with swollen mucous folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Appearance of vagina when progesterone is starting to rise (just before ovulation)?

A

More angulated mucosa = time to breed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When can you radiograph to confirm pregnancy?

A

After mineralisation at 45 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can you confirm the presence of ovaries In bitches?

A

Stimulate oestrogen production by follicles by giving hCG or GnRH, then measure blood concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can you confirm the presence of ovaries In queens?

A

Stimulate LH surge and ovulation by giving hCG or GnRH, then measure blood progesterone concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe luteal phase cytology:

A

Lots of neutrophils and small intermediate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Normal age of puberty in dogs?

A

6-23 months, big variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal age of puberty in queens?

A

6-10 months, influenced by season and body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is split oestrus?
Bitch looks like she's having normal oestrus, but it reoccurs soon after. This is because the follicles grow and regress without ovulating. Next load of follicles ovulate normally. Owners confuse signs as pyometra
26
2 reasons for pain at coitus
Vaginal-vestibual remnants Vaginal hyperplasia (before protrusion)
27
When are the 3 fractions ejaculated in dogs?
1. foreplay 2. intromission 3. tie
28
Action of LH and FSH in males
FSH = on Sertoli cells = Spermatogenesis LH = on Leydig cells = Testosterone :L
29
3 main reasons for conception failure?
Inappropriate mating, male infertility, abnormal uterine environments
30
If a bitch is KNOWN to have CEH what can be done post breeding to help
Antibiotic course - 5 days of AMC Breeders often want regardless
31
What can CEH lead to?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Mating induced endometritis or an abnormal uterine enviroment
32
How can CEH lead to pyo and maying induced endometritis
Numerous cysts = reduced fluid clearance + bacteria trapping = bacteria proliferate
33
What uterine pathological difference are there post mating in a bitch with CEH?
Greater influx of neutrophils into fluid, and slower clearance of fluid
34
when might post-partition metritis develop
Following a dystocia/placental retention/abortion CS: Pyrexia/lethargy/anorexia/purulent discharge/neutrophilia/uterine enlargement Tx: Broad spectrum ABs, fluids, prostaglandins
35
Signs of hypocal
Nervous, panting, seizures, fever Treat as cow - calcium B IV, followed by sub cut
36
How to examine abortion cases?
Always presume infection and investigate with serology or PMI
37
4 main causes of resorption/abortion
1. Infection (CHV, FeLV) 2. Abnormal uterine environment 3. Foetal abnormality 4. Low progesterone
38
Methods of estimating time of parturition (in time order) (useful with dystocia cases)
1. History of mating (58-72 days before onset) 2. Drop in progesterone (1.5 days before parturition) 3. Drop in rectal temp (24 hours before) 4. Uterine contractions (2-4 hours before) 5. Abdomina contractions (30-120 mins before)
39
What rate should foetal heart beat be?
170-230 - or at least 4x mothers lower HR indicates hypoxia due to foetal stress
40
what does green discharge indicate?
Placental separation
41
What happens during primary uterine inertia?
Signal from uterine contractions is weak and secondary abdominal contractions don't occur
42
Risk factors for uterine inertia?
Obesity, old age, concurrent illness Small litter (low signals) Large litter (overstretched uterus can't contract to push puppies into birth canal)
43
How long does it take for the placenta to be passed?
~ 20 mins
44
Signs of foetal death on radiographs?
1. Firstly, gas in foetus 2. Loss of posture 3. Overlapping of skull bones
45
Name 2 ecbolic agents
1. Oxytocin (few receptors 36 hours after parturition) 2. Prostaglandin
46
What drugs can be used to mimic prolactin
Dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide
47
What drugs inhibit prolactin?
Cabergoline (Galastop)
48
What are the anaesthetic impacts of pregnancy?
1. Increased risk of regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia (Pre treat with Omeprazole) 2. Low functional residual capacity - patients can decompensated quickly
49
What risk does hysterectomy remove and what does it not?
removes risk of uterine neoplasia doesn't remove risk of mammary neoplasia
50
What is tumour grading
Assessing cellular composition and severity
51
What is tumour staging
Assessing tumour size, spread to LNs and metastases
52
How does the lymphatic drainage run in teats?
Cranially from 1 and 2 and 3 Caudally from 3 and 4 and 5
53
What antibiotic is best to use in dams with neonates still suckling?
Cephlosporins
54
What is Galactostasis
Congestion of the mammary gland. Engorgement and pain
55
What are the two types of Agalactia
Failure of milk production Failure of milk let down
56
How do you treat the 2 types of Agalactia
failure of production = metoclopramide failure of let down = oxytocin
57
What causes Pseudopregnancy?
Elevated prolactin (luteotroph) NOT progesterone
58
What is Fibroepithelial hyperplasia in cats? What 2 hormones are involved?
Significant mammary enlargement caused by local GH production in response to elevated progesterone
59
What hormones are high in patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas?
GnRH and FSH
60
How do you treat patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas?
Give progesterone or long term GnRH to exhibit negative feedback on the prostate which leads to reduced FSH and LH
61
What are the three common testicualr tumours?
Leydig Cell Tumour Sertoli Cell Tumour Seminoma
62
What endocrine effect can Sertoli cell tumours have?
Oestrogen production can cause feminisation
63
what can Cryptorchism be misdiagnosed as?
Anorchid or monorchid
64
what must penile lymphoid hyperplasia be differentiated from?
Canine herpes virus - pale, raised nodules look similar to vesicular lesions in CHV
65
what is Balanoposthitis?
Inflammation of the penis and prepuce lining
66
what is Balanitis?
Inflammation of the penis and haemorrhagic lesions
67
what is Phimosis
Abnormally small preputial orifce
68
what is Paraphimosis?
Failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce
69
What can you test for in semen to investigate azoospermia?
Alkaline phosphatase - AP is produced in the epeidymus so should be present in semen if sperm are present
70
what are the signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
faecal tenesmus - often overlooked by owners haematuria Haemospermia
71
what does benign prostatic hyperplasia feel like on rectal palpation?
Smooth, symmetrical, freely mobile, non-painful, no sub lumbar lymphadenopathy
72
4 treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia:
1. Castration (removes androgen source) 2. Progestogens 3. GnRH depot agonist (long acting to cause HPG surpression) 4. Finasteride (Blocks conversion of dihydrotestosterone into testosterone)
73
what does Bacterial Prostatitis feel like on rectal palpation?
asymmetrical, moveable associated with great pain
74
Signs of bacterial prostatic? Bacteria? Treatment?
Systemic illness, abdominal pain, vomting Often E.coli Tx: Long course of antibiotics and monitoring to ensure it doesn't become chronic (check urine and prostatic fluid)
75
What 2 conditions can lead to a parenchymal prostatic cyst?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia or metaplasia (Sertoli cell tumour)
76
What condition can look like a prostatic cyst?
Cystic uterus masculinus - not regressed female tract
77
most common prostate cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
78
What does Adenocarcinoma feel like on rectal palpation?
Deformed, non-symmetrical, not-movable, fibrosed, sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy, painful
79
what is the most common cause of haemospermia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Small animal (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions