Cancer

Question 1

Define o Anisocytosis

Answer 1

= unusual variation in RBC size

Question 2

Cell size and colour in regenerative anaemia

Answer 2

Hypochromic macrocytosis
Also Polychromasia = blue/grey discolouration of large RBC

Question 3

What can cause hyper chromic RBC

Answer 3

almost always due to haemolysis or lipaemia (raised MCHC is not physiologically possible due to restricted size of cells)

Question 4

What to codocytes indicate

Answer 4

Target cells
Iron deficiency or liver disease

Question 5

What do Acanthocytes indicate

Answer 5

Liver disease, splenic haemangioma or hemangiosarcoma or portosystemic shunts
Also high cholesterol diets

Question 6

What do spherocytes indicate

Answer 6

IMHA
Transfusion reactions

Question 7

What do Schistocytes indicate (Corn)

Answer 7

Disseminating intravascular coagulation (DIC),
thrombosis,
splenic hemangiosarcoma,
congestive heart failure,
immune mediated anaemia

Question 8

Abnormal bodies: What are Heinz bodies?

Answer 8

Crystals of Hb on the outside of cells
Indicate oxidate damage like toxicity

Question 9

Abnormal bodies: What is basophilic stippling?

Answer 9

= blue dots throughout cell
Associated with intensely regenerative anaemia or lead poisoning

Question 10

Abnormal bodies: What do nucleated erythrocytes indicate?

Answer 10

Nuclear remnants
Due to regenerative anaemia, or marrow damage or non-functioning spleen

Question 11

Abnormal bodies: What do Howell-Jolly bodies indicate?

Answer 11

Single, dark nuclear remnant
Regenerative anaemia, or after splenectomy/ reduced splenic function

Question 12

name two RBC parasites

Answer 12

Babesiosis (TBF): Bi-lobed parasite
Mycoplasma haemofelis In cats

Question 13

What is a stress leuckogram

Answer 13

Adrenaline and cortisol unsticks neutrophils from marginal pool so numbers increase
Stress leukogram = neutrophilia and lymphopenia and eosinopenia

Question 13

What is a stress leuckogram

Answer 13

Adrenaline and cortisol unsticks neutrophils from marginal pool so numbers increase
Stress leukogram = neutrophilia and lymphopenia and eosinopenia

Question 14

What do left shit neutrophils look like

Answer 14

More banded (less segmented)

Question 15

What does toxic change look like

Answer 15

 Foamy cytoplasm, cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle bodies (blue/grey cytoplasmic structures)
 Can be bands (D) or mature (B)

Question 16

Reasons for lymphopenia

Answer 16

o Stress/steroids common reason
o Acute inflammation
o Loss of lymph

Question 17

which feline blood group has strong antibodies

Answer 17

• Type B carry very strong anti-type A antibodies

Question 18

What is Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 18

Type A/AB kittens born from a type B queen
Anti-A antibodies transferred in milk and attack kittens’ blood

Question 19

What blood groups are dogs broadly classed as

Answer 19

Dogs classed as either DEA1 positive (70%) or DEA1 negative

Question 20

Which blood transfusion is the only one that provides platelts

Answer 20

fresh whole blood

Question 21

when should you give frozen fresh plasma or frozen plasma?

Answer 21

FFP: contains ALL clotting factors

FP:: contains non-labile clotting factors (so not 5 and 8), good for coagulaotphy and haemophilia B

Question 22

Signs of anemia

Answer 22

Poor perfusion (Pale MM, lethargy, exercise intolerance)
Tachypnoea, tachycardia (compensatory)
Also: Icterus, weak + thready pulses, haemic murmur (diluted blood = less viscous)

Question 23

Indiactors of regneration

Answer 23

Macrocytic, hyper chromic cells
Polychromasia
nucleated RBCs, basophilic stippling, Howell-Jolley bodies

Question 24

3 anaemia causes categories

Answer 24

Blood loss RBC destruction reduced bone marrow production (Non-regenerative)

Question 25

most common form of anaemia and presentation

Answer 25

Anaemia of chronic disease is most common form to see. Normocytic, normochromic = normal cells, just not enough

Question 26

Difference between true iron deficiency and functional

Answer 26

Functional: Bone marrow cannot incorporate iron into cells normocytic and normochronic True: loss of iron so not enough to go into cells seen in chronic haemhorrhage cells are hypo chromic and microcytic

Question 27

Treatment for haemolysis

Answer 27

Immunosupression start with steroids

Question 28

How to treat oxidative damage due to paracetamol

Answer 28

N-acetylcysteine

Question 29

Treatment for Babesia or Enhrlichia

Answer 29

Doxycycline or imidocarb (unlicensed)

Question 30

signs of primary haemostat disorders

Answer 30

* Petechiae/ecchymoses common * Bleeding from MMs (eyes, gingiva) * Often more than one site bleeding * Haematomas rare

Question 31

signs of secondary haemastatic disorders

Answer 31

* Petechiae/ecchymoses rare * Deep/cavity bleeds * Sometimes a single site is bleeding * Haematomas common

Question 32

Test for Petechiae

Answer 32

Does lesions blanch under microscope slide? o No = haemorrhage must be in skin = Petechiae

Question 33

Common causes of primary haemostat disorders

Answer 33

Thrombocytopaenia: Low platelet numbers (Defective production in bone marrow or Accelerated removal (IMTP or DIC) , or Platelet sequestration or loss (Splenomegaly, vascular pooling, acute haemorrhage) Thrombocytopathia: Platelet dysfunction. Rarer caused by drugs or neoplasia. Dx: Normal platelet count but prolonged BMBT AND normal levels of VWF vWF deficiency: Common inherited disorder. Predisposed in Dobermans dx: Normal platelet count but slow BMBT AND low levels of VWF

Question 34

What causes secondary haemostat disorders

Answer 34

* Issue with the coagulation pathway (intrinsic or extrinsic) * Requires various factors, factors, fibrinogen (F1) and vitamin K

Question 35

What pathways do different tests... test

Answer 35

Whole blood clotting time: Intrinsic and common OSPT Aka Prothrombin time (PT): Extrinsic and common. Prolonged due to any factor Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): intrinsic and common. Prolonged due to a single factor.

Question 36

Causes of secondary heamostatic disorders

Answer 36

Haemophilia - lack of factor 8 (APTT increased) Vitamin K antagonism - rodenticides Hepatic disease - all clotting factors produced in liver (APTT and OSPT increased)

Question 37

Diagnostic sign of thrombosis (tertiary haemostat disorder)

Answer 37

Clot blocks vessel = hypoxia and tissue damage D-dimers produced during fibrinolysis so lots of fibrinolysis = lots of D-dimers

Question 38

Homeostatic diagnostic summary (., 2, 3)

Answer 38

1. Platelet count, BMBT, platelet function, vWf 2. WBCT, APTT, OSPT, (specific factors) 3. D-Dimers (FDPs)

Question 39

up to

Answer 39

dic