Neonates, contraception, drugs Flashcards by Lisa McArdle

After how many days post-ovulation can you detect a foetal heart beat

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Signs of fading puppy syndrome

Failure to suckle, weight loss, crying, hypothermia

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What is APGAR scoring?

A scoring system for new borns, measuring
A = activity - muscle tone/movement
P = pulse - hear rate
G = grimace - response to stimulation
A = appearance - of mucous membranes
R = respiration
Higher score = better

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4 key aspects of neonatal care

ensuring colostrum and milk intake
ensuring hydration status
monitoring environmental temperature + behaviour
regular clinical examination

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best method to determine neonatal hydration

urine colour - should be clear
use damp cotton wool to stimulate

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What hormones are involved in pituitary dwarfism?

Growth hormone deficiency
But also TSH, prolactin, and gonadotropins

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What hormones are involved in pituitary dwarfism?

Growth hormone deficiency
But also TSH, prolactin, and gonadotropins

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Signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Young GSD, rumbly tummy, eating lots but weight loss, yellow diarrhoea, flatulance

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What are the two types of primary congenital hypothyroidism?

Dysmorphogenesis – anatomical abnormality
Dyshormonogenesis – abnormality in hormone synthesis (fox terriers, rat terriers)

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Signs of congenital hypothyroidism

Disproportionate dwarfism: wide skull, macroglossia, delayed dentition, signs of adult hypothyroidism.

Thyroid: low T4, high TSH (definitive).

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Diagnostic test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Trypsin-like immunoreacvivity - response is low
Folate (high) and cobalamin (low) in blood

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Presentation of porto-systemic shunts?

Neurological signs - hepatic encephalopathy (HE)
GIT signs - hyper salivation, V/D
Urinary signs - dysuria, haematuria

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Clinical sign difference between acquired PSS and congenital?

Acquired shunts cause portal hypertension and therefore ascites

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Main sign of a persistent right aortic arch?

Regurgitation after weaning

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3 extra things to check during a first puppy consult?

Cleft palate and malocclusion
Murmurs and dysrhythmias
Umbilical hernias

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What do short-term GnRH agonists do?

Stimulate LH and FSH release

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Name two short-term GnRH agonists?

Buserelin and deslorelin (Suprelorin)

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What do long-term GnRH agonists do?

Initial stimulation and then receptor down-regulation ( less testosterone, FSH, LH)

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Use of long term GnRH agonists

Males: Control behaviour + treat anal adenomas

Females: Temporary oestrus suppression and delay puberty

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Name a long-term GnRH agonists?

Deslorelin (Suprelorin) implant

Name the progestogen drug commonly used

Progesterone (delvosteron)

What do progestogens do?

Axis: Powerful negative feedback
Target tissues: closes cervix, stimulates endometrial proliferation, mammary enlargement

Why are GnRH agonists used more than progestogens?

A lot less side effects
Side effects include CEH, mammary enlargement, CeH, diabetogenic, increased appetite

How can progestogens prevent a psuedopregancy?

Prevent the progesterone fall that triggers a prolactin rise, which would lead to a psuedopregancy

How can progestogens be used in males?

Reduced FSH and LH secretion and therefore testosterone, so can treat prostatic disease, anal adenoma, and antisocial behaviour

How can oestrogens be used in females?

Change secretions in uterus Can prevent embryo implantation in unwanted pregnancy. Use on day 3 and 5 after mating Also urinary incontinence tx

Side effects of oestrogen

Bone marrow suppression - Exaggerate the effects of progesterone on the uterus -> pyometra

How can androgens be used in males

Induce temporary infertility Lead to reductio in FSH and LH, so less sperm and less own testosterone

Name an androgen used in males

- Durateston

What are the two uses of hCG?

To tests gonadal function/presence To speed up or force ovulation

After what day of the luteal phase are prostaglandins effective?

After day 20

What luteal phase conditions can prostaglandins treat?

Open cervix pyometra Termination of pregnancy (after day 20)

What non luteal conditions can prostaglandins treat?

Post partum metritis - ecbolic effect to clear infection

What side effects does prostaglandin cause? and why? how can you overcome this?

Stimulates ALL smooth muscle so hypersaivation, vomting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain Give in combination with a prolactin inhibitor like Cabergoline, when using prostaglandins to end a pregnancy etc

What 3 conditions can oxytocin treat?

1. stimulate contractions in dystocia 2. promote involution 3. promote milk let down in agalactica do not give if cervix closed or obstructed

What can be used as a prolactin agonist?

Metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist)

What is the use of prolactin agonists

Metacloprimide (NB No effect until ~25 days after ovulation) Supports the CL and therefore progesterone secretion Promotes milk production

What can be used as a prolactin antagonist (inhibitor)?

Cabergoline (Galastop) (dopamine agonist)

What do prolactin antagonists do?

Reduce prolactin which leads to the demise of corpus lea and decline in progesterone

What are the 3 uses of prolactin antagonists?

1. treatment of pseudopregnancy 2. suppression of lactation 3. ending the luteal phase (to end pregnancy or treat pyometra)

Name a progesterone receptor antagonist?

Aglepristone (Alizin)

What are the 3 uses of progesterone receptor antagonists?

1. prevention of implantation 2. termination of pregnancy 3. treatment of pyometra

How can melatonin be used in short day Vs long day breeders

- Up-regulation of short-day breeders (stimulation) - Down-regulation of long-day breeders. Queens are long day breeders so melatonin will supress oestrus

When can leaving the uterus in an ovariectomy lead to uterine disease?

1. if the uterus was already abnormal 2. if there is a neoplasm secreting reproductive hormones 3. if expensive reproductive hormones are given

What are the 2 most common spay complications?

1. Haemorrhage 2. SInus tract (often FB suture reaction)

How does CEH develop?

- High progesterone environment causes endometrial thickening - If no pregnancy occurs, the endometrium continues to thicken - Fluid accumulates in glands and dilates them - Glands regress during second half of dieostrus

How does CEH lead to pyometra?

- The thickened, cystic endometrium secretes "uterine milk" - Ideal for bacterial growth - High progesterone also suppresses contractions so fluid can't be cleared

Treatment of pyometra

often surgery!!!!! Broad spectrum antibiotic, normally Amoxicillin Clavulanate can try give anti-progestogen drugs (not recommended) - Dopamine agonists (Cabergoline (Galastop®)) - causes luteolysis - Progetserone receptor antagonsits (Aglepristone (Alizin)) - Mimics luteolysis and causes cervical relaxation

How to treat failure of milk let down vs failure of milk production

Production: Metaclopraminde Let-down: Oxytocin