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Small animal > Neonates, contraception, drugs > Flashcards

Neonates, contraception, drugs Flashcards

1
Q

After how many days post-ovulation can you detect a foetal heart beat

A

25

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2
Q

Signs of fading puppy syndrome

A

Failure to suckle, weight loss, crying, hypothermia

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3
Q

What is APGAR scoring?

A

A scoring system for new borns, measuring
A = activity - muscle tone/movement
P = pulse - hear rate
G = grimace - response to stimulation
A = appearance - of mucous membranes
R = respiration
Higher score = better

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4
Q

4 key aspects of neonatal care

A
  1. ensuring colostrum and milk intake
  2. ensuring hydration status
  3. monitoring environmental temperature + behaviour
  4. regular clinical examination
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5
Q

best method to determine neonatal hydration

A

urine colour - should be clear
use damp cotton wool to stimulate

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6
Q

What hormones are involved in pituitary dwarfism?

A

Growth hormone deficiency
But also TSH, prolactin, and gonadotropins

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7
Q

What hormones are involved in pituitary dwarfism?

A

Growth hormone deficiency
But also TSH, prolactin, and gonadotropins

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8
Q

Signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Young GSD, rumbly tummy, eating lots but weight loss, yellow diarrhoea, flatulance

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9
Q

What are the two types of primary congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Dysmorphogenesis – anatomical abnormality
Dyshormonogenesis – abnormality in hormone synthesis (fox terriers, rat terriers)

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10
Q

Signs of congenital hypothyroidism

A

Disproportionate dwarfism: wide skull, macroglossia, delayed dentition, signs of adult hypothyroidism.

Thyroid: low T4, high TSH (definitive).

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11
Q

Diagnostic test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Trypsin-like immunoreacvivity - response is low
Folate (high) and cobalamin (low) in blood

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12
Q

Presentation of porto-systemic shunts?

A

Neurological signs - hepatic encephalopathy (HE)
GIT signs - hyper salivation, V/D
Urinary signs - dysuria, haematuria

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13
Q

Clinical sign difference between acquired PSS and congenital?

A

Acquired shunts cause portal hypertension and therefore ascites

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14
Q

Main sign of a persistent right aortic arch?

A

Regurgitation after weaning

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15
Q

3 extra things to check during a first puppy consult?

A
  1. Cleft palate and malocclusion
  2. Murmurs and dysrhythmias
  3. Umbilical hernias
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16
Q

What do short-term GnRH agonists do?

A

Stimulate LH and FSH release

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17
Q

Name two short-term GnRH agonists?

A

Buserelin and deslorelin (Suprelorin)

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18
Q

What do long-term GnRH agonists do?

A

Initial stimulation and then receptor down-regulation ( less testosterone, FSH, LH)

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19
Q

Use of long term GnRH agonists

A

Males: Control behaviour + treat anal adenomas

Females: Temporary oestrus suppression and delay puberty

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20
Q

Name a long-term GnRH agonists?

A

Deslorelin (Suprelorin) implant

21
Q

Name the progestogen drug commonly used

A

Progesterone (delvosteron)

22
Q

What do progestogens do?

A

Axis: Powerful negative feedback
Target tissues: closes cervix, stimulates endometrial proliferation, mammary enlargement

23
Q

Why are GnRH agonists used more than progestogens?

A

A lot less side effects
Side effects include CEH, mammary enlargement, CeH, diabetogenic, increased appetite

24
Q

How can progestogens prevent a psuedopregancy?

A

Prevent the progesterone fall that triggers a prolactin rise, which would lead to a psuedopregancy

25
Q

How can progestogens be used in males?

A

Reduced FSH and LH secretion and therefore testosterone, so can treat prostatic disease, anal adenoma, and antisocial behaviour

26
Q

How can oestrogens be used in females?

A

Change secretions in uterus
Can prevent embryo implantation in unwanted pregnancy. Use on day 3 and 5 after mating

Also urinary incontinence tx

27
Q

Side effects of oestrogen

A

Bone marrow suppression
- Exaggerate the effects of progesterone on the uterus -> pyometra

28
Q

How can androgens be used in males

A

Induce temporary infertility
Lead to reductio in FSH and LH, so less sperm and less own testosterone

29
Q

Name an androgen used in males

A
  • Durateston
30
Q

What are the two uses of hCG?

A

To tests gonadal function/presence
To speed up or force ovulation

31
Q

After what day of the luteal phase are prostaglandins effective?

A

After day 20

32
Q

What luteal phase conditions can prostaglandins treat?

A

Open cervix pyometra
Termination of pregnancy (after day 20)

33
Q

What non luteal conditions can prostaglandins treat?

A

Post partum metritis - ecbolic effect to clear infection

34
Q

What side effects does prostaglandin cause? and why? how can you overcome this?

A

Stimulates ALL smooth muscle so hypersaivation, vomting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain

Give in combination with a prolactin inhibitor like Cabergoline, when using prostaglandins to end a pregnancy etc

35
Q

What 3 conditions can oxytocin treat?

A
  1. stimulate contractions in dystocia
  2. promote involution
  3. promote milk let down in agalactica

do not give if cervix closed or obstructed

36
Q

What can be used as a prolactin agonist?

A

Metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist)

37
Q

What is the use of prolactin agonists

A

Metacloprimide (NB No effect until ~25 days after ovulation)

Supports the CL and therefore progesterone secretion
Promotes milk production

38
Q

What can be used as a prolactin antagonist (inhibitor)?

A

Cabergoline (Galastop) (dopamine agonist)

39
Q

What do prolactin antagonists do?

A

Reduce prolactin which leads to the demise of corpus lea and decline in progesterone

40
Q

What are the 3 uses of prolactin antagonists?

A
  1. treatment of pseudopregnancy
  2. suppression of lactation
  3. ending the luteal phase (to end pregnancy or treat pyometra)
41
Q

Name a progesterone receptor antagonist?

A

Aglepristone (Alizin)

42
Q

What are the 3 uses of progesterone receptor antagonists?

A
  1. prevention of implantation
  2. termination of pregnancy
  3. treatment of pyometra
43
Q

How can melatonin be used in short day Vs long day breeders

A
  • Up-regulation of short-day breeders (stimulation)
  • Down-regulation of long-day breeders. Queens are long day breeders so melatonin will supress oestrus
44
Q

When can leaving the uterus in an ovariectomy lead to uterine disease?

A
  1. if the uterus was already abnormal
  2. if there is a neoplasm secreting reproductive hormones
  3. if expensive reproductive hormones are given
45
Q

What are the 2 most common spay complications?

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. SInus tract (often FB suture reaction)
46
Q

How does CEH develop?

A
  • High progesterone environment causes endometrial thickening
  • If no pregnancy occurs, the endometrium continues to thicken
  • Fluid accumulates in glands and dilates them
  • Glands regress during second half of dieostrus
47
Q

How does CEH lead to pyometra?

A
  • The thickened, cystic endometrium secretes “uterine milk”
  • Ideal for bacterial growth
  • High progesterone also suppresses contractions so fluid can’t be cleared
48
Q

Treatment of pyometra

A

often surgery!!!!!
Broad spectrum antibiotic, normally Amoxicillin Clavulanate

can try give anti-progestogen drugs (not recommended)
- Dopamine agonists (Cabergoline (Galastop®)) - causes luteolysis
- Progetserone receptor antagonsits (Aglepristone (Alizin)) - Mimics luteolysis and causes cervical relaxation

49
Q

How to treat failure of milk let down vs failure of milk production

A

Production: Metaclopraminde
Let-down: Oxytocin

Small animal (11 decks)

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