Repression: Army Flashcards
1
Q
Use of the Army under the Tsars:
- ____ nobility officers, peasant conscripts
Use:
- ‘____ keeping force’
- Regulator of ____ ____
- Internal ____ and ____
Change:
- Failure of Crimean War ____-__
- ____ Military reforms in ____
- Peasants serve _ instead of __ years of service
- Nobility less able to avoid ____
- Military ____
Russification:
- Needed to uphold ____ and enforce ____ (already used in ____ with Polish Revolt)
- Great Spurt led to increase in worker ____ (____ killed at Morozov Dye Works strike in ____)
- Heightened repression with ministers like T____ and P____
Revolutions:
- Army given better ____ after 1905 Revolution and ____ Mutiny
- Used to restore order during ____ ____
- Crushed ‘____ ____ Revolts’ and on striking workers (Lena Goldfields ____, ____ killed)
- Lack of army support key to Nicholas II’s ____ - poor performance as ____ at frontlines, ____ reservists supported ____ ____ Works strike
A
Use of the Army under the Tsars:
- 1855 nobility officers, peasant conscripts
Use:
- ‘Peace keeping force’
- Regulator of regional frontiers
- Internal Law and Order
Change:
- Failure of Crimean War 1853-56
-
Milyutin’s Military reforms in 1864
- Peasants serve 6 instead of 25 years of service
- Nobility less able to avoid draft
- Military academies
Russification:
- Needed to uphold borders and enforce policies (already used in 1863 with Polish Revolt)
- Great Spurt led to increase in worker protests (8,000 killed at Morozov Dye Works strike in 1888)
- Heightened repression with ministers like Trepov and Phleve
Revolutions:
- Army given better wages after 1905 Revolution and Potemkin Mutiny
- Used to restore order during 1905 Revolution
- Crushed ‘Black Earth Revolts’ and on striking workers (Lena Goldfields 1912, 2,000 killed)
- Lack of army support key to Nicholas II’s abdication - poor performance as commander at frontlines, 150,000 reservists supported Putilov Dye Works strike
2
Q
Use of the Army under Provisional Government
- Carried on war effort ____
- Mass ____ after Summer Offensive
A
Use of the Army under Provisional Government
- Carried on war effort unsuccessfully
- Mass desertions after Summer Offensive
3
Q
Use of MRC under Lenin and Trotsky
October Revolution:
- Estimated ____ of Petrograd Garrison supported revolution
- Trotsky encouraged soldiers to ____ MRC, seized power with simple ____ ____ in St Petersburg
Role after:
- To ____ power
- To win ____ ____ - Red Army had _ million conscripts compared to ____ White troops - ____ in victory
- Used to impose ____ ____
- To root out ‘____ ____’
Issues:
- Despite good ____, there was the Kronstadt mutiny in ____ ____. Used ____ soldiers, with ____ Red Army casualities
- Proves not necessarily working in amry’s ____ - why trusted ____ ____ more
A
Use of MRC under Lenin and Trotsky
October Revolution:
- Estimated 150,000 of Petrograd Garrison supported revolution
- Trotsky encouraged soldiers to join MRC, seized power with simple strategic takeovers in St Petersburg
Role after:
- To consolidate power
- To win Civil War - Red Army had 5 million conscripts compared to 500,000 White troops - key in victory
- Used to impose War Communism
- To root out ‘class enemies’
Issues:
- Despite good discipline, there was the Kronstadt mutiny in February 1921. Used 50,000 troops, with 10,000 Red Army casualities
- Proves not necessarily working in army’s interests - why trusted secret police more
4
Q
Stalin and the Red Army:
Use:
- Implement ____ policy - grain ____ as part of ____
- Helped administer ____
- Played a role in the ____ ____
Stalin’s view of Red Army:
- Consistently saw its leadership as a ____
- Removed a number of key ____ ____ in the Great Purge of ____-_ - including Civil War hero T____
- By end of purge over __% of the top echelon had disappeared - illogical considering ____ threat, possibly led to ____-Soviet Pact ____
WW2:
- Enourmous military ____
- Fight ‘to the last drop’ policy possibly responsible for successful defense of ____ and ____
- Crash ____ brought great victories (above)
- ‘Great Patriotic Struggle’ - ____ power
Post-WW2:
- Suspicion of ____ influences and war ____ - ____ removed from central committee and ____
- Some use in ____ security - Doctors’ Plot ____-__
- Mostly focused on ____ affairs
A
Stalin and the Red Army:
Use:
- Implement internal policy - grain requisitioning as part of collectivisation
- Helped administer purges
- Played a role in the Great Terror
Stalin’s view of Red Army:
- Consistently saw its leadership as a threat
- Removed a number of key military figures in the Great Purge of 1936-8 - including Civil War hero Tukhachevski
- By end of purge over 40% of the top echelon had disappeared - illogical considering Nazi threat, possibly led to Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939
WW2:
- Enourmous military casualities
- Fight ‘to the last drop’ policy possibly responsible for successful defense of Stalingrad and Moscow
- Crash industrialisation brought great victories (above)
- ‘Great Patriotic Struggle’ - consolidated power
Post-WW2:
- Suspicion of western influences and war heroes - Zhuvok removed from central committee and exiled
- Some use in internal security - Doctors’ Plot 1952-3
- Mostly focused on international affairs
5
Q
Khrushchev and Army
- Reduction of size from _._m to _._m - loss of ____ support i.e. ____. To save ____, and because of reduction in ____ because of ____
Use:
- As threat in ____ flashpoints - Berlin Crisis ____, Cuban Missile Crisis ____
- Internal order - Easter Germany ____, Poland ____, Hungary ____, Novocherkassk ____ (__ or __ killed)
A
Khrushchev and Army
- Reduction of size from 3.6m to 2.4m - loss of military support i.e. Zhukov. To save costs, and because of reduction in tensions because of detente
Use:
- As threat in international flashpoints - Berlin Crisis 1961, Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
- Internal order - Easter Germany 1953, Poland 1956, Hungary 1956, Novocherkassk 1962 (26 or 60 killed)
6
Q
Similarities in use of army by Tsars and Communists:
- Both use to deal with ____ and ____ threats
A
Similarities in use of army by Tsars and Communists:
- Both use to deal with internal and external threats
7
Q
Differences in use of army by Tsars and Communists:
- Tsars more heavily ____ (arguably ____ heavily) - Communists did not ____
- Communists used it effectively in ____ conflict, but more focused on ____ ____ use ____
A
Differences in use of army by Tsars and Communists:
- Tsars more heavily reliant (arguably too heavily) - Communists did not trust
- Communists used it effectively in external conflict, but more focused on secret police use internally
