Extent and Impact of Reform Flashcards
1
Q
Emancipation of the Serfs ___\_
Strengths:
- S-t removes threat of ____
- Enables migration to ____ for ____
Limitations:
- Serfs/Mir not ____ - dissatisfaction leads to ____ riots in 1861
- Long-term ‘____ ____’ - ____ in average size of peasant land holdings as ____ between each male heir.
Impact:
- __ million serfs become peasants
- Allows greater ____ activity
- Makes way for ____ during ‘Great Spurt’
A
Emancipation of the Serfs 1861
Strengths:
- S-t removes threat of revolution
- Enables migration to cities for industrialisation
Limitations:
- Serfs/Mir not consulted - dissatisfaction leads to 1159 riots in 1861
- Long-term ‘land hunger’ - decline in average size of peasant land holdings as divided between each male heir.
Impact:
- 80 million serfs become peasants
- Allows greater revolutionary activity
- Makes way for industrialisation during ‘Great Spurt’
2
Q
The Zemstvo ___\_
Strengths:
- Some ____
- Run by the ‘____ ____’ i.e. ____ nobility
Limitations:
- Could only debate ____ not ____ issues
- Dominated by ____
Impact:
- First form of ____ ____ and therefore first dilution of ____
- Forum for the ____ to debate ____ ideas
- Opened way for further ____ reform
A
The Zemstvo 1861
Strengths:
- Some democracy
- Run by the ‘Third Element’ i.e. liberal nobility
Limitations:
- Could only debate local not political issues
- Dominated by nobility
Impact:
- First form of local government and therefore first dilution of autocracy
- Forum for the intelligensia to debate liberal ideas
- Opened way for further political reform
3
Q
Alexander II / Dmitry Milyutin’s Military Reforms ____ - ___\_
Strengths:
- Nobility also liable for ____
- Peasants could be ____ to rank of ____ based on ____ not ____
- Some ____ progress
- Reduced ____ by reducing conscription from __ years to _
- Forces better ____ with creation of military ____
Limitations:
- Peasants mostly ____ so training ____
- Still had poor ____
- Nobility managed to ____ conscription through ____
Impact:
- Won Russo-____ war in ____, albeit with some ____
- Failure in ____ and Russo-____ war ____-_
A
Alexander II / Dmitry Milyutin’s Military Reforms 1861-81
Strengths:
- Nobility also liable for conscription
- Peasants could be promoted to rank of officer based on merit not birth
- Some industrial progress
- Reduced costs by reducing conscription from 21 years to 6
- Forces better educated with creation of military academies
Limitations:
- Peasants mostly illiterate so training limited
- Still had poor equipment
- Nobility managed to avoid conscription through substitutes
Impact:
- Won Russo-Turkish war in 1878, albeit with some struggle
- Failure in Russo-Japanese war 1904-5 and WW1
4
Q
The October Manifesto ____
Strengths:
- Creation of the ____ in ____ - a ____ government
- Introduction of ____ liberties
- More ____ than ever before
Limitations:
- Tsar could ___ Duma decisions in line with Article __
- Flawed ____ system - bias in ____ college to the ____
- Fundemental Laws of ____ meant Tsar’s authority ____
Impact:
- Allowed ____ ____, ____, and ____ to have governmental power for first time
- Calls for a ____ Assembly eventually led to the ____ ____
A
The October Manifesto 1905
Strengths:
- Creation of the Duma in 1906 - a constitutional government
- Introduction of civil liberties
- More voting than ever before
Limitations:
- Tsar could overrule Duma decisions in line with Article 87
- Flawed voting system - bias in electoral colleges to the nobility
- Fundemental Laws of 1906 meant Tsar’s authority reasserted
Impact:
- Allowed Social Democrats, Mensheviks, and Bolsheviks to have governmental power for first time
- Calls for a Constituent Assembly eventually led to the Provisional Government
5
Q
The Fundemental Laws ____
Strengths:
- Reasserts Tsar’s ____ and thus ____
Limitations:
- This ____ the October Manifesto - stirs ____
- Because of above there is difficulty in ____ the Fundemental Laws
Impact:
- ____ holds Tsarist system together
A
The Fundemental Laws 1906
Strengths:
- Reasserts Tsar’s authority and thus autocracy
Limitations:
- This contradicts the October Manifesto - stirs opposition
- Because of above there is difficulty in upholding the Fundemental Laws
Impact:
- Temporarily holds Tsarist system together
6
Q
Land Captains ____
Aim:
- To ____ local influences of the ____ and village ____ - give Tsar ____ control
- Alex III also restricted ____ to zemstva
A
Land Captains 1889
Aim:
- To restrict local influences of the Mir and village assemblies - give Tsar political control
- Alex III also restricted electionsto zemstva
7
Q
Stolypin’s Agrarian Reforms / the ‘____ on the ____’ from ____
Strengths:
- More ____ farming - created _._ million Kulaks
- Agricultural ____ lead to literacy rate amongst men increasing from __% in 1897 to __% in 1920
- 1909-13 GNP rose _._% per year
Limitations:
- There were __ million peasants, Kulaks only a ____
- Stolypin’s ‘____ ____’ creates resentment
- Creates resentment among ____-class
- Stolypin assasinated in ____ ____
Impact:
- Creation of ____ class
- Allows Stalin to scapegoat with ____
A
Stolypin’s Agrarian Reforms / the ‘Wager on the Strong’ from 1906
Strengths:
- More productive farming - created 2.3 million Kulaks
- Agricultural schools lead to literacy rate amongst men increasing from 51% in 1897 to 82% in 1920
- 1909-13 GNP rose 3.5% per year
Limitations:
- There were 20 million peasants, Kulaks only a fraction
- Stolypin’s ‘nectie tie’ creates resentment
- Creates resentment among higher-class
- Stolypin assasinated in September 1911
Impact:
- Creation of Kulak class
- Allows Stalin to scapegoat with de-Kulakization
8
Q
The Provisional Government, Civil Rights, and Constituent Assembly ____ ____
Strengths:
- 1st ever ‘____’ ____ government
- _ Liberal Principles
- Freedom of ____
- Dissolution of the ____
- Political prisoners ____
Limitations:
- Constituent Assembly lasts ____ ____
- Provisional Government lasts ____ ____
- Democracy bad for ____ effort and necessity to be ____ underminds ____ values
Impact:
- Allowed ____ to seize power
A
The Provisional Government, Civil Rights, and Constituent Assembly March 1917
Strengths:
- 1st ever ‘theoretically’ democratic government
- 8 Liberal Principles
- Freedom of speech
- Dissolution of the Okhrana
- Political prisoners released
Limitations:
- Constituent Assembly lasts 1 day
- Provisional Government lasts 6 months
- Democracy bad for war effort and necessity to be dictatorial underminds democratic values
Impact:
- Allowed Bolsheviks to seize power
9
Q
War Communism ____-____
Strengths:
- Wins ____ the war
- Seize control of ____ hub of Russia
Limitations:
- S-t ____ economy
- Open revolt in ____
- Sets up repressive regime for ____ rule
Impact:
- Grain requisitioning supports ____ ____
- Causes ____ with _ million deaths
- Complete Bolshevik control of ____
A
War Communism 1918-21
Strengths:
- Wins Reds the war
- Seize control of industrial hub of Russia
Limitations:
- S-t devastates economy
- Open revolt in countryside
- Sets up repressive regime for Stalin’s rule
Impact:
- Grain requisitioning supports Red troops
- Causes famine with 5 million deaths
- Complete Bolshevik control of industry
10
Q
The New Economic Plan ____-__
Strengths:
- Food production ____
- Small businesses ____
- Taxes ____ economy by ____
Limitations:
- Only led to ____ wage increases for ____
- Resentment and corruption of ____men
- Heavy industry under ____ ____
- Grain procurement crises ____
- Scissors Crisis ____
- Rich Kulaks become ____
Impact:
- First ____ in Russia
- Only small improvements for ____
- Just makes way for ____ and ____
A
The New Economic Plan 1922-28
Strengths:
- Food production increased
- Small businesses flourished
- Taxes boosted economy by 1926
Limitations:
- Only led to small wage increases for workers
- Resentment and corruption of NEPmen
- Heavy industry under complete control
- Grain procurement crises 1928
- Scissors Crisis 1923
- Rich Kulaks become scapegoat
Impact:
- First capitalism in Russia
- Only small improvements for workers
- Just makes way for de-Kulakisation and collectivisation
11
Q
Collectivisation ____-__
Strengths:
- By 1941, __% peasants in collective farms
- Crushes peasant ____
- Just about keeps everyone ____
Limitations:
- __ years to establish
- Peasant ____ - ____-__ man-made famine causes __ million deaths
- By 1930s consumption of meat and fish fallen by __%
- Still some ____ land
- Still not ____-____
Impact:
- Peasant resistance is ____
A
Collectivisation 1928-40
Strengths:
- By 1941, 98% peasants in collective farms
- Crushes peasant resistance
- Just about keeps everyone fed
Limitations:
- 10 years to establish
- Peasant resistance - 1932-34 man-made famine causes 10 million deaths
- By 1930s consumption of meat and fish fallen by 80%
- Still some private land
- Still not self-sufficient
Impact:
- Peasant resistance is crushed
12
Q
The Five-Year Plans ____-__
Strengths:
- Super-power status by end of ____
- Massive improvements in ____, ____, etc.
- Weapons for ____ - they ____
Limitations:
- Only focus on ____ ____
- Become economically ____ without ____ ____
Impact:
- Win ____
- Successfully ____
- L-t traps _____
A
The Five-Year Plans 1928-38
Strengths:
- Super-power status by end of WW2
- Massive improvements in industry, technology, etc.
- Weapons for WW2 - they win
Limitations:
- Only focus on heavy industry
- Become economically stuck without consumer goods
Impact:
- Win WW2
- Successfully industrialise
- L-t traps economy
13
Q
Stalin Constitution ____
Strengths:
- More ____
- Better ____ structure
Limitations:
- An ____ - no change to ____ system
Impact:
- Basically ____ structure until collapse of ____
A
Stalin Constitution 1936
Strengths:
- More regionalism
- Better heirarchical structure
Limitations:
- An illusion - no change to party system
Impact:
- Basically same structure until collapse of USSR
14
Q
De-Stalinisation from ____
Strengths:
- Amnesty of ____-____ prisoners
- More power to ____
- Some ____ with ___ regional councils set up
- Relaxation of ____
Limitations:
- Reverses ____ relaxation
- Retains ____ in Eastern Europe - ____ die in Hungary
- ____ repression - __ die at Novocherkassk ____
- Retains ____ economy
Impact:
- Gives freedoms that arguably lead to Khrushchev’s ____
- Economy ____
A
De-Stalinisation from 1953
Strengths:
- Amnesty of non-political prisoners
- More power to Politburo
- Some decentralisation with 105 regional councils set up
- Relaxation of censorship
Limitations:
- Reverses censorship relaxation
- Retains regimes in Eastern Europe - 20,000 die in Hungary
- Interanl repression - 26 die at Novocherkassk 1962
- Retains command economy
Impact:
- Gives freedoms that arguably lead to Khrushchev’s downfall
- Economy stagnates
15
Q
The Virgin Lands Scheme ____-__
Strengths:
- _ years success - great ____ ____
- __,____ migrated
Limitations:
- About _ famines, one stretching over _ years
- Badly ____, poor use of ____
- Land was poor ____
- Tried to grow ____ and ____ in Siberia
- Poor ____ conditions erodes ____ of volunteers
Impact:
- Still dependent on ____ ____
- Damages Khrushchev’s ____ - contributes to his ____
A
The Virgin Lands Scheme 1954-63
Strengths:
- 2 years success - great crop yield
- 50,000 migrated
Limitations:
- About 4 famines, one stretching over 2 years
- Badly planned, poor use of fertilisers
- Land was poor quality
- Tried to grow maize and melons in Siberia
- Poor living conditions erodes enthusiasm of volunteers
Impact:
- Still dependent on foreign imports
- Damages Khrushchev’s prestige - contributes to his overthrow
